Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Supplementation with a Garlic (Allium sativum) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essential Oil Mixture on Digestibility in West African Sheep
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location and Animal Care
2.2. In Vitro Digestibility and Dose Selection
2.3. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Secondary EO Compounds
2.4. Animals and Diet for In Vivo Experiment
2.5. Treatments and Experimental Periods
2.6. Blood Parameters
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. In Vitro Digestibility
3.2. Blood Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. In Vitro Digestibility
4.2. In Vivo Experiment
4.3. Blood Parameters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Retention Time, min (tR) | Compound Identification | Relative Amount, % |
---|---|---|
7.56 | Allyl methyl sulfide | 0.50 |
9.03 | dimethyl disulfide | 0.20 |
13.75 | diallyl monosulfide | 7.30 |
16.3S | sharp methyl disulfide | 3.30 |
18.79 | dimethyl trisulfide | 0.60 |
23.57 | diallyl disulfide | 22.70 |
24.08 | cis-propenyl-propyl disulfide | 0.10 |
25.99 | Methyl allyl trisulfide | 9.70 |
26.8 | 4-Methyl-1,2,3-trithiolane | 2.70 |
29.05 | dimethyl tetrasulfide | 0.70 |
29.29 | * Compound NI m/z (%): 162 (4), 121 (23), 89 (55), 75 (100), 59 (12), 41(88) | 0.70 |
31.49 | 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trithiahexane | 0.70 |
32.21 | diallyl trisulfide | 25.00 |
35.16 | 5-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrathian | 2.00 |
35.36 | * Compound NI m/z (%): 184 (10), 158 (15), 143 (1), 120 (34), 94 (4), 79 (45), 64 (41), 41 (100) | 0.80 |
36.9 | 1-Methyl-2-(1-(prop-1-en-1-ylthio)propyl)disulfane | 0.30 |
37.49 | 1-(1-{Methylthio)propyl)-2-propyl-disulfane | 2.40 |
39.57 | 4-Ethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrathiaheptane | 0.30 |
40.75 | diallyl tetrasulfide | 6.70 |
41.85 | 1-Methyl-2-(2-propenylthio)ethyl-2-propenyl disulfide | 1.00 |
42.13 | 1-propenyl 1-(1-propenylthio)propyl disulfide | 2.70 |
44.01 | * Compound NI m/z(o/o): 202 (11), 170 (28), 138 (52), 106 (17), 96 (15), 64 (71), 41(100) | 1.90 |
44.4 | * Compound NI m/z(o/o): 202 (1), 170 (13), 138 (9), 121 (69), 106 (7), 89 (34), 73 (67), 41 (100) | 0.90 |
46.5 | * Compound NI m/z(o/o): 192 (1), 177 (3), 145 (4), 113 (100), 99 (14), 85 (36), 79 (68), 64 (21), 41 (72) | 2.20 |
47.11 | 1,5-Dithiaspiro[5.6]dodecan-7-ol | 0.90 |
47.84 | 8-Methyl-4,5,6, 9-tetrathia-1, 11-dodecadiene | 3.70 |
Retention Time, min (tR) | Compound Identification | Relative Amount, % |
---|---|---|
19.52 | β-Myrcene | 0.30 |
20.26 | ρ-Mint-1(7),8-diene | <0.1 |
20.81 | α-Terpinene | 0.20 |
21.17 | ρ-Cymene | 4.00 |
21.36 | Limonene | 1.00 |
22.55 | γ-Terpinene | 0.60 |
24.2 | Linalool | 1.60 |
25.41 | (1R,2S,3S)-3-Isopropenyl-1,2-dimethylcyclopentanol | <0.1 |
31.45 | Thymol | 6.90 |
32.11 | Carvacrol | 79.40 |
35.04 | α-Copaene | 0.10 |
36.75 | trans-β-Caryophyllene | 2.10 |
37.96 | α-Humulene | 0.20 |
39.82 | δ-Cadinene | <0.1 |
41.95 | caryophyllene oxide | 1.90 |
42.38 | Humulene epoxide I | <0.1 |
42.71 | humulene epoxide II | 0.10 |
44.22 | (1R,7S,E)-7-isopropyl-4,10-dimethylene-cyclodec-5-enol | 0.20 |
50.39 | 5-(6-Methylhepta-1,5-dien-2yl)1-1-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)cyclohex-1-ene (m-Camphorene) | 0.10 |
51.14 | 4-(6-Methylhepta-1,5-dien-2-yl)-1-(4methylpent-3-en-1-yl)cyclohex-1-ene (ρ-Camphorene) | <0.1 |
51.89 | * Compound NI m/z (%): 150 (53), 135 (100), 121 (13), 107 (14), 93 (30), 79 (16), 65 (8) | 0.30 |
52.41 | * Compound NI m/z (%): 150 (72), 135 (100), 121 (12), 107 (11), 93 (23), 79 (15), 65 (8) | 0.10 |
53.8 | 4a,6a-Dimethyl-4,4a,6,6a,8,9,9a,9b,10,11-decahydrocyclopenta[7,8] phenanthro[4β,5-β]oxirene-2,7(3H,5ah)-diona | <0.1 |
54.01 | * Compound NI m/z (%): 302 (60), 284 (6), 259 (34), 241 (84), 201 (100), 173 (20), 159 (71), 145 (14), 131 (9), 115 (17), 91 (18), 58 (20) | 0.20 |
54.49 | (Z)-2Methyl-6-(4-methyl-5-(3-methylbut-2-enoyl)cyclohex-3-en-1-yl)hepta-2,5-dien-4-one | 0.20 |
54.66 | Androsta-1,4,7-triene-3,17-dione | <0.1 |
63.25 | * Compound NI m/z (%): 370 (18), 355 (1), 221 (5), 203 (32), 175 (8), 150 (100), 135 (92), 121 (21), 107 (29), 93 (25), 79 (28) | 0.30 |
Ingredients and Chemical Composition of the Diets | |
---|---|
% of DM | |
Ingredient | |
Maize silage | 60.00 |
Corn grain, ground | 21.00 |
Soybean meal | 17.00 |
Molasses | 1.10 |
Bicalcium phosphate | 0.01 |
Mineral mixture 1 | 0.89 |
Chemical composition | |
Crude protein (CP) | 11.55 |
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) | 40.63 |
Ether extract (EE) | 3.45 |
Total digestible nutrients (TDN) | 68.00 |
+ EO Inclusion mL/day | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | 0 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1.0 | SEM 1 | L 2 | Q 3 | C 4 |
Dry matter | 587.79 c | 756.27 b | 912.87 a | 889.94 a | 14.06 | 0.070 | 0.033 | 0.394 |
Crude Protein | 74.60 c | 94.83 b | 107.11 a | 93.53 b | 2.20 | 0.063 | 0.002 | 0.427 |
Non-Fiber Carbohydrates | 332.73 | 315.54 | 331.84 | 320.37 | 6.29 | 0.825 | 0.891 | 0.514 |
Neutral Detergent Fiber | 217.00 c | 306.44 b | 350.65 a | 325.16 ab | 12.74 | 0.062 | 0.001 | 0.738 |
Ether Extract | 30.05 ab | 29.21 b | 29.86 ab | 30.77 a | 0.53 | 0.743 | 0.650 | 0.887 |
Dry matter | 691.4 b | 737.5 a | 727.5 a | 731.4 a | 0.97 | 0.046 | 0.085 | 0.200 |
Crude Protein | 671.7 | 629.6 | 666.4 | 616.8 | 1.66 | 0.105 | 0.831 | 0.038 |
Non-Fiber Carbohydrates | 901.3 | 906.0 | 887.5 | 896.0 | 1.24 | 0.534 | 0.897 | 0.365 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 536.8 b | 560.5 b | 649.7 a | 592.9 b | 2.15 | 0.076 | 0.062 | 0.012 |
Ether extract | 787.1 bc | 821.1 ab | 785.1 c | 823.6 a | 1.18 | 0.473 | 0.922 | 0.162 |
TDN 5 | 698.5 | 707.3 | 737.5 | 702.9 | 1.10 | 0.391 | 0.059 | 0.092 |
+ EO Inclusions mL/day | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | 0 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 1.0 | SEM 1 | L 2 | Q 3 | C 4 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 98.92 | 101.67 | 105.67 | 102.83 | 2.611 | 0.227 | 0.336 | 0.532 |
BUN, mg/dL | 20.78 | 18.68 | 18.78 | 19.06 | 1.026 | 0.298 | 0.276 | 0.674 |
β-hydroxybutyrate, mmol/L | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.036 | 0.523 | 0.634 | 0.831 |
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Barreto-Cruz, O.T.; Henao Zambrano, J.C.; Castañeda-Serrano, R.D.; Peñuela Sierra, L.M. Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Supplementation with a Garlic (Allium sativum) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essential Oil Mixture on Digestibility in West African Sheep. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120695
Barreto-Cruz OT, Henao Zambrano JC, Castañeda-Serrano RD, Peñuela Sierra LM. Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Supplementation with a Garlic (Allium sativum) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essential Oil Mixture on Digestibility in West African Sheep. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(12):695. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120695
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarreto-Cruz, Olga Teresa, Juan Carlos Henao Zambrano, Roman David Castañeda-Serrano, and Lina Maria Peñuela Sierra. 2023. "Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Supplementation with a Garlic (Allium sativum) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essential Oil Mixture on Digestibility in West African Sheep" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 12: 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120695