Beer and Allergens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Allergen | Common Descriptor | Prevalence in EU Population (%) [6] |
---|---|---|
Celery | Includes celery stalks, leaves, seeds and the root (celeriac) | 5.50 |
Milk | Secretion from mammary glands intended to be the nutritional input of mammalian neonates | 3.84 |
Mustard | Member of the brassica family. Limited cross-reactivity from other brassica | 3.00 |
Eggs | Typically refers to hen eggs but does not exclude eggs from other birds | 2.85 |
Peanuts | Also known as a groundnut. The peanut is not a nut; instead, it is a legume | 2.59 |
Fish | Typically, a limbless cold-blooded vertebrate animal with gills and fins, living in water | 2.53 |
Crustaceans | Includes crabs, lobster, shrimp, prawns, and scampi | 1.80 |
Tree nuts | Includes a wide range of nuts. Fruit composed of a hard shell and an indehiscent seed | 1.45 |
Cereals/Gluten | Cereals containing gluten or gluten-like proteins, such as wheat, rye, barley, and oats | 1.13 |
Molluscs | Typically includes mussels, oysters, abalone, squid, and snails | 1.00 |
Sesame seeds | Sesame is a flowering plant whose seeds yields very large amounts of oil | 0.70 |
Soy | A high oil- and protein-yielding legume. Can show cross-reactive to other legumes | 0.53 |
Lupin | A legume belonging to the same family as peanuts. Hence, cross-reactivity to peanuts is common | NR 1 |
Sulphites | Chemical preservative and antioxidant, typically reported as SO2 | NA 2 |
Country/Region | Reference | Milk | Eggs | Fish | Crustaceans | Molluscs | Cereals with Gluten | Wheat | Buckwheat | Tree Nuts | Peanuts | Soy | Sulphite | Sesame Seeds | Lupin | Mustard | Celery |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EU | [11] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
UK | [12] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Turkey | [13] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Australia | [14] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ |
New Zealand | [14] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ |
USA | [9] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 1 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Canada | [15] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ∅ |
Taiwan | [16] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
FAO-WHO | [17] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
China | [18] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Mexico | [19] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Russia | [20] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Argentina | [21] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Brazil | [22] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Chile | [23] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
India | [24] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Vietnam | [24] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Thailand | [24] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Japan | [10] | ✓ | ✓ | ☑ | ✓ | ☑ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ☑ | ✓ | ☑ | ∅ | ☑ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
Korea | [24] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
South Africa | [25] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ⊗ | ∅ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
2. Allergenic Reactions and Beer
2.1. Case Studies—Beer Causing Allergic Reactions
2.2. Beer-Related Allergic Reactions in the Workplace
3. Allergens Found in Beer
3.1. Gluten (Wheat and Other Cereals with Gluten-Like Proteins) as Allergens in Beer
3.2. Exemptions
3.3. Fish as Allergens in Beer
3.4. Molluscs as Allergens in Beer
3.5. Crustaceans as Allergens in Beer
3.6. Milk as an Allergen in Beer
3.7. Eggs as an Allergen in Beer
3.8. Celery as an Allergen in Beer
3.9. Tree Nuts as Allergens in Beer
3.10. Peanuts (Groundnuts) as Allergens in Beer
3.11. Lupin as an Allergen in Beer
3.12. Soy as an Allergen in Beer
3.13. Mustard as an Allergen in Beer
3.14. Sesame as an Allergen in Beer
3.15. Sulfur Dioxide as an Allergen in Beer
3.16. Miscellaneous Allergens in Beer
4. Cross-Contamination Risks When Brewing with Allergens
4.1. Cross-Contamination with Unconventional Allergens
4.2. Cross-Contamination When Brewing Gluten-Free Beers
5. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Cerevisiography
Code, “name of beer”, name and place of brewery [allergen in beer] | |
C01 | “Mussels in Brussels”, Siphon Brewery, Oostkerke, Belgium [mussels] |
C02 | “Kansom range of premier abalone beers”, Red Duck Brewery, Ballarat, Australia [abalone] |
C03 | “Renown Cockle Stout”, Leigh on Sea Brewery, Leigh on Sea, UK [cockles] |
C04 | “Squid ink XXPA”, Shelter Brewery, Busselton, Australia [squid] |
C05 | “Squid Ink Gose”, Time & Tide Brewery, Deal, UK [squid] |
C06 | “Black Magic Salt & Pepper Squid Ink Gose”, Dainton, Carrum Downs, Australia [squid] |
C07 | “Saison dell’Aragosta”, Oxbow Brewing Company, Portland, Maine, USA [lobster] |
C08 | “Neapolitan Ice Cream IPA”, Northern Monk, Leeds, UK [lactose] |
C09 | “Mango Milkshake IPA”, Stone and Wood Brewing Co, Byron Bay, Australia [lactose] |
C10 | “Blue Brew”, Belvoir Brewery, Melton Mowbray, UK [whey] |
C11 | “Flamingo”, Bass Brewing Company, Burton upon Trent, UK [hydrolysed egg albumin] |
C12 | “Sellray Celery Ale”, Pipeworks Brewing Company, Chicago, Illinois, USA [celery] |
C13 | “Celery Gose”, Black Shirt Brewing Company, Denver, Colorado, USA [celery] |
C14 | “Celery Salt Hippy”, 8-Wired Brewery, Warkworth, New Zealand [celery] |
C15 | “De Molen Hel & Verdoemenis Hazelnoot” Brewery ‘de molen’, Bodegraven, Netherlands [hazelnut] |
C16 | “Oil of Aphrodite”, Jackie O’s Brewhouse, Athens, Ohio, United States [walnut] |
C17 | “Imperial Biscotti Break”, Evil Twin Brewery, Ridgewood, NY, USA [almonds] |
C18 | “Pistachio Cream Ale”, Short’s Brewing Company, Bellaire, MI, USA [pistachio] |
C19 | “Peanut Butter Milk Stout”, Tailgate Brewery, Nashville, TN, USA [peanuts] |
C20 | “Crunch, Peanut Butter Milk Stout”, Hammerton Brewery, London, UK [peanuts] |
C21 | “Peanut Butter Jelly Time” Catawba Brewing Co., Morgaton, NC, USA [peanuts] |
C22 | “Lupini Bean Gose”, Mean Sardine Brewery, Ericeira, Portugal [lupini beans] |
C23 | “Nodogogi Nama”, Kirin Brewery, Japan [soy] |
C24 | “New Life”, Asahi Brewery, Japan [soy] |
C25 | “Akita Edamame”, Tazawako Brewery, Semoku, Japan [soy] |
C26 | “French’s Mustard Beer”, Oskar Blues Brewery, Lyons, Colorado, USA [mustard] |
C27 | “Torhouts Mustard Ale”, Smisje Brewery, Oudenaarde, Belgium [mustard] |
C28 | “Perfectly Imperfect”, Kabinet Brewery, Sopot, Serbia [sesame] |
C29 | “Zentus Fat & Jolly Tinsel Holly”, Zentus craft beer, Szentes, Hungary [sesame] |
C30 | “Hoegaarden witbier”, AB Inbev, Hoegaarden, Belgium [coriander] |
C31 | “Hoppy Table Beer”, Allagash Brewing Co., Portland, ME, USA [coriander] |
C32 | “Settle Down Country Wit”, Suarez Family Brewery, Hudson, NY, USA [coriander] |
C33 | “Pepper Johnson”, a collaboration beer from Lervig Brewery, Stavanger, Norway & Basqueland Brewing, Gipuzkoa, Spain [cracked pepper] |
C34 | “Taco hands”, a collaboration beer from Cellarmaker Brewing Co., San Francisco, CA, USA & Tired Hands, Ardmore, PA, USA [cumin] |
C35 | “Dragonwort Stout”, Nøgne Ø, Grimstad, Norway [anise] |
C36 | “Marathos”, Solo Brewery (Σόλο), Iraklio, Greece [fennel] |
C37 | “Slow Down Brown” Denali Brewery, Talkeetna, AK, USA [coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek] |
C38 | “Kriek”, Boon Brewery, Lembeek, Belgium [cherries, raspberries] |
C39 | “Banana Bread”, The Bruery, Placenta, CA, USA [banana] |
C40 | “Imperial Banoffee Pie Stout”, The Garden Brewery, Zagreb, Croatia [banana] |
C41 | “Mango Milkshake IPA” Eight Stacks Brewery, Traralgon, Vic, Australia [mango] |
C42 | “Mangolorian”, Brew York, York, UK [mango] |
C43 | “Sour Tomato Ale”, Breaker Brewing Company, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA [tomato] |
C44 | “Pizza IPA”, Epic Brewing Co., Utah, CO, USA [tomato] |
C45 | “Sol Clamato”, Sol Brewery, Nuevo León, Mexico [tomato] [clams] [MSG] |
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Country/Region | Lower Limit Requiring Mention on Label (ppm) | Maximum Legal Limit (ppm) in Beer |
---|---|---|
EU | 10 | 20 (50 with secondary fermentation in cask/barrel) |
USA | 10 | 25 |
Canada | 10 | 15 |
Mexico | 10 | 15 |
UK | 10 | 20 (50 with secondary fermentation in cask/barrel) |
Russia | 10 | 20 (50 with secondary fermentation in cask/barrel) |
Turkey | 10 | 20 |
Australia | 10 | 25 |
New Zealand | 10 | 25 |
Singapore | 10 | 25 |
Vietnam | 10 | unknown |
Thailand | 10 | 30 |
India | unknown | 50 |
Brazil | unknown | 50 |
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Vriesekoop, F. Beer and Allergens. Beverages 2021, 7, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages7040079
Vriesekoop F. Beer and Allergens. Beverages. 2021; 7(4):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages7040079
Chicago/Turabian StyleVriesekoop, Frank. 2021. "Beer and Allergens" Beverages 7, no. 4: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages7040079