Cardiovascular Complications of Energy Drinks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cardiovascular Complications
Acute Effects | Potential Chronic Effects |
---|---|
Elevated Blood Pressure | Hypertensive Heart Disease |
Increased Heart Rate | Coronary Artery Disease |
Increased Corrected QT (QTc) Interval | Atherosclerosis |
Supraventricular Arrythmia | Cerebrovascular Disease |
Ventricular Arrythmia | Peripheral Arterial Disease |
Coronary Artery Spasm | |
Coronary Artery Thrombosis | |
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy | |
ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) | |
Aortic Dissection | |
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome | |
Sudden Cardiac Death | |
Endothelial Dysfunction |
2.1. Acute Effects
2.1.1. Elevated Blood Pressure
2.1.2. Increased Heart Rate
2.1.3. Increased Corrected QT (QTc) Interval
2.1.4. Supraventricular Arrhythmia
2.1.5. Ventricular Arrhythmia
2.1.6. Coronary Artery Spasm
2.1.7. Coronary Artery Thrombosis
2.1.8. Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection
2.1.9. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)
2.1.10. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
2.1.11. Aortic Dissection
2.1.12. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
2.1.13. Sudden Cardiac Death
- A 14 year-old girl, in Hagerstown, MD, who died after drinking two, 24-ounce Monster EDs in 24 h; an autopsy concluded she died of cardiac arrhythmia due to caffeine toxicity [80].
- A healthy 18 year-old man, died while playing basketball after drinking two cans of Red Bull® ED [81].
- A healthy 16- year-old girl, an athletic teenage softball player, died after consuming several Red Bull® EDs [82]. The beverages were consumed while at the beach; later that day she reported malaise and shortness of breath. She was rushed to a hospital and was pronounced dead after suffering cardiac arrest.
2.1.14. Endothelial Dysfunction
2.2. Chronic Effects
3. Suggestions
Age and medical condition | Recommendation |
---|---|
<18 years old | Do not consume EDs |
≥18 years old–healthy, non-pregnant, and taking no medications | No more than 1 regular can of ED per day at rest (avoid if any symptoms related to consumption) |
Do not consume ED prior to exercise | |
Do not consume ED with alcohol | |
≥18 years old and pregnant | Do not consume EDs |
≥18 years old and caffeine sensitivity | Do not consume EDs |
≥18 years old and history of cardiovascular condition: Elevated blood pressure, Increased heart rate, Increased QTc interval, Supraventricular arrhythmia, Ventricular arrhythmia, Coronary artery spasm, Coronary artery thrombosis, Takasubu cardiomyopathy, ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), Sudden cardiac death, or Endothelial dysfunction | Do not consume EDs |
≥18 years old and any other medical condition/taking medications | Do not consume EDs and discuss with health care provider |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Higgins, J.P.; Yarlagadda, S.; Yang, B. Cardiovascular Complications of Energy Drinks. Beverages 2015, 1, 104-126. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages1020104
Higgins JP, Yarlagadda S, Yang B. Cardiovascular Complications of Energy Drinks. Beverages. 2015; 1(2):104-126. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages1020104
Chicago/Turabian StyleHiggins, John P., Santi Yarlagadda, and Benjamin Yang. 2015. "Cardiovascular Complications of Energy Drinks" Beverages 1, no. 2: 104-126. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages1020104