Soil Erosion Processes in European Vineyards: A Qualitative Comparison of Rainfall Simulation Measurements in Germany, Spain and France
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Qualitative Comparison with Different Data of Rainfall Simulations in Vineyards
- (1)
- Suspended sediment load (SSL) =
- (2)
- Surface flow =
- (3)
- Suspended sediment load concentration (SSC)
3. Results
3.1. Ruwer-Mosel Valley (Trier, Germany)
3.2. Montagne de Reims (Champagne, France)
3.3. Spain
3.3.1. Montes de Málaga
3.3.2. Els Hostalest de Pierola (Penedès)
3.3.3. Moixent (Valencia, Spain)
3.3.4. Villamediana de Iregua (La Rioja)
3.3.5. Campo Real (Madrid)
3.4. Final Comparison
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Place | Ruwer-Mosel Valley (Trier) | Montagne de Reims (Champagne) | Montes de Málaga (Málaga)* | ElsHostalest de Pierola (Penedès) | Moixent (Valencia) | Villamedianade Iregua (La Rioja) | Campo Real (Madrid) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay (%) | 9.4 | 6–12 | - | 10.6 | 8 | 19.9 | 24 |
Silt (%) | 64.7 | 45–55 | - | 25.8 | 32 | 40.4 | 18 |
Sand (%) | 26 | 33–45 | - | 63.6 | 60 | 39.9 | 58 |
SOM7 | 6.1 | 3.9–8.3 | 2 | 1.2 | 1.01 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
pH | 7.2 | 8 | - | 8.6 | 7.8 | 8.4 | 8.5 |
Coordinates (WGS 1984) | 49.74N; 6.75E | 49.16N; 4.12E | 36.76N; −4.39E | 41.59N, 1.77E | 38.78N; 0.87E | 42.26N; 2.23 E | 40.35N; −3.37E |
Altitude (m.a.s.l.) | 220-250 | 170 | 500 | 330-360 | 550 | 425–450 | 820 |
Grape variety | Riesling | Pinot noir, Pinot meunier and Chardonnay | Muscat of Alexandria | Parellada, Macabeo, Xarello and Chardonnay | Monastrell | Tempranillo | Tempranillo |
Soiltillage | Machinery, grass/pruning cover | Machinery, grass/pruning cover (ecological and conventional) | Conventional with animals and ploughing | Machiniery and herbicids. | Ploughing | Terrace (1-2 m height), machiniery, soil tillage and herbicids | Machinery |
T° 1 | 9.3 | - | 15.6 | 15 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 14.4 |
T° (max_)2 | 17.6 | - | - | 31.4 | 25 | 21.1 | 21,1 |
T° (min_)3 | 1.5 | - | - | 1.5 | 9.2 | 1.2 | 7.9 |
Pp (total)4 | 765 | 757 | 586.1 | 520 | 420 | 419 | 371 |
Pp (max_)5 | 71.2 | 72.9 | - | 76.6 | 42 | 75 | 51 |
Pp (min_)6 | 50.6 | 33.2 | - | 22.6 | 5 | 42.3 | 9 |
Flow Control | Nozzle | Electricbilge Pump | Plot | Current Method | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manometer Pressure (bar or kg·cm2) | Type | Head of the Pump (m) | Voltage (V) | Area (m2) | Form | Height (m) | Total Time (min) | Interval (min) | Investigation | |
Ruwer-Mosel valley Moixent | 0.2 bars | Lechler 460.608 | 4.5 | 12 | 0.28 | Ring | 2 | 30–60 | 5 | Ruwer-Mosel valley: [53,54]. Alforins: [26,56] |
Campo Real | 1.5 ± 0.2 kg·cm−2 | Spraying systems 1/3 HH 35 W. Two nozzles separated 1.5 m apart | 7 | 6.5 | 2 | Rectangle | 2 | 15 | 1 | [65,66,67,68] |
Montes de Málaga | - | Hardi 1553-20 | - | - | 0.28 | Ring | 2 | 60 | 5 | [55] |
Villamediana de Iregua | 20 bars | Lechler 460.728 (<50 mm·h−1) Lechler 460.608 (50–70 mm·h−1) Lechler 460.880 (70 mm·h−1) | - | - | 0.45 | Ring | 2.5 | 30–45 | 3–5 | [39,64] |
ElsHostalest de Pierola | 2.5 mm diameter drops of deionised water freely | Rainfall intensity was controlled by modifying the water column above the droppers, using an inverted Mariotte’s bottle | - | - | 0.6 | Rectangle | 2.5 | 60 | 10 | [57,58,59,60,61,62,63] |
Montagne de Reims | 2-3 bars | Teejet 6501- Teejet 6508 | Max. 2.5 m | 220 | 0.25 | Square | 2.5 | 90 | Mostly 10 min | [20] |
Waldrach (Mosel-Ruwer, Trier) | Montagne de Reims (Champagne) | Montes de Málaga (Málaga) | Els Hostalest de Pierola (Penedés) | Moixent (Valencia) | Villamediana de Iregua (La Rioja) | Campo Real (Madrid) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI1 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 1.83 ± 0 | 0.29 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.65 ± 0 | 10.29 ± 0.9 | |
Plot2 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.6 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 2 | |
SSL3 | 0.17 ± 0 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 2.44 ± 3.8 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.11 ± 0.2 | 2.58 ± 2.9 | 1.33 ± 0.3 | |
SF4 | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.08 ± 0.1 | 0.15 ± 1 | 0.1 ± 0 | 0.12 ± 0.2 | 1.56 ± 1.6 | 1.37 ± 0.7 | |
SSC5 | 8.97 ± 2.6 | 1.65 ± 0.2 | 8.44 ± 11.8 | 13.48 ± 0.4 | 2.15 ± 3.8 | 1.35 ± 2.3 | 1.15 ± 0.5 | |
RC6 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 2.4 | 22 ± 8.8 | 2 ± 3.3 | 53.9 ± 46.8 | 13.6 ± 7.6 | |
IC7 | 97.7 ± 1.1 | 96.3 ± 0.9 | 97.7 ± 2.4 | 78 ± 8.8 | 98.1 ± 3.3 | 46.2 ± 46.8 | 86.4 ± 7.6 |
SSL3 | SF4 | SSC5 | RC6 | IC7 | Slope | Vegetation cover (%) | Stone cover (%) | Roughness (%) | Soil moisture (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI1 | −0.18 | 0.324 | −0.36 | −0.541 | 0.541 | 0.227 | 0.338 | 0.391 | −0.026 | −0.426 |
Plot2 | 0.482 | 0.519 | −0.185 | 0.593 | −0.593 | −0.449 | −0.368 | −0.823 | 0.395 | 0.044 |
SSL3 | - | 0.536 | −0.036 | 0.607 | −0.607 | −0.126 | −0.406 | −0.523 | −0.051 | 0.232 |
SF4 | 0.536 | - | −0.464 | 0.321 | −0.321 | −0.216 | −0.464 | −0.252 | 0.051 | −0.522 |
SSC5 | −0.036 | −0.464 | - | 0.179 | −0.179 | −0.613 | −0.667 | −0.432 | 0.41 | −0.725 |
RC6 | 0.607 | 0.321 | 0.179 | - | 0.321 | 0.018 | −0.116 | −0.018 | 0.205 | 0.406 |
IC7 | 0.541 | −0.593 | −0.607 | -0.321 | - | −0.018 | 0.116 | 0.018 | −0.205 | −0.406 |
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Rodrigo Comino, J.; Iserloh, T.; Morvan, X.; Malam Issa, O.; Naisse, C.; Keesstra, S.D.; Cerdà, A.; Prosdocimi, M.; Arnáez, J.; Lasanta, T.; et al. Soil Erosion Processes in European Vineyards: A Qualitative Comparison of Rainfall Simulation Measurements in Germany, Spain and France. Hydrology 2016, 3, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology3010006
Rodrigo Comino J, Iserloh T, Morvan X, Malam Issa O, Naisse C, Keesstra SD, Cerdà A, Prosdocimi M, Arnáez J, Lasanta T, et al. Soil Erosion Processes in European Vineyards: A Qualitative Comparison of Rainfall Simulation Measurements in Germany, Spain and France. Hydrology. 2016; 3(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology3010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigo Comino, Jesús, Thomas Iserloh, Xavier Morvan, Oumarou Malam Issa, Christophe Naisse, Saskia D. Keesstra, Artemio Cerdà, Massimo Prosdocimi, José Arnáez, Teodoro Lasanta, and et al. 2016. "Soil Erosion Processes in European Vineyards: A Qualitative Comparison of Rainfall Simulation Measurements in Germany, Spain and France" Hydrology 3, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology3010006