Development of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Kraft Lignin Polyol Obtained by Oxyalkylation Using Propylene Carbonate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. LBP Production from Oxyalkylation with Propylene Carbonate
2.3. RPUFs Formulations
2.4. RPUFs Characterization
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study of the Effect of the Formulation on the Thermal Conductivity and Density of RPUFs
3.2. Evaluation of the Characteristics of RPUFs Using Different Contents of LBP in the Formulation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Kraft Lignin | Conventional Polyol | Crude LBP |
---|---|---|---|
Type | Aliphatic polyether | Aromatic polyether | |
IOH, mg KOH/g | 311 | 250 | 257 |
Viscosity, Pa·s | - | 0.25 | 5.3 |
Mw, g/mol | 1415 | 670 | 1760 |
Process Variables | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
NCO/OH ratio (NCO) | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
Lignin-based polyol (LBP), % | 25 | 62.5 | 100 |
Blowing agent (BA), % | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 |
Catalyst (CAT), % | 0 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
Responses | |||
Thermal conductivity, W/m·K | |||
Density, kg/m3 |
Run | Process Variables | Responses | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LBP (%) | BA (%) | NCO/OH Ratio | CAT (%) | * Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | * Density (kg/m3) | |
1 | 100 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.0396 | 25.6 |
2 | 25 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0430 | 42.6 |
3 | 62.5 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.0410 | 33.6 |
4 | 25 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0380 | 29.4 |
5 | 25 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0400 | 34.7 |
6 | 25 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0400 | 34.7 |
7 | 62.5 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.0380 | 24.9 |
8 | 100 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0390 | 18.7 |
9 | 62.5 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.0390 | 25.5 |
10 | 62.5 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.0380 | 22.5 |
11 | 100 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0360 | 21.7 |
12 | 62.5 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.0390 | 26.2 |
13 | 62.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0420 | 34.9 |
14 | 100 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0400 | 23.6 |
15 | 62.5 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0390 | 23.8 |
16 | 62.5 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.0390 | 26.9 |
17 | 62.5 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.0420 | 41.9 |
18 | 62.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0410 | 29.2 |
19 | 100 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.0400 | 21.7 |
20 | 62.5 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0380 | 22.6 |
21 | 62.5 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0390 | 29.0 |
22 | 100 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0400 | 25.6 |
23 | 25 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.0410 | 35.9 |
24 | 25 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.0400 | 30.3 |
25 | 62.5 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0430 | 30.4 |
26 | 62.5 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.0410 | 28.0 |
27 | 62.5 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.0380 | 28.1 |
Source | Responses | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal Conductivity | Density | |||||
DF | SS | MS | DF | SS | MS | |
Model | 8 | 4.82 × 10−5 | 6.023 × 10−6 | 8 | 812.4 | 101.5 |
Error | 18 | 1.45 × 10−5 | 8.086 × 10−7 | 18 | 125.3 | 6.96 |
Total | 26 | 6.27 × 10−5 | 26 | 937.6 | ||
F ratio | 7.45 | 14.6 | ||||
p value | 0.0002 | 2.033 × 10−6 | ||||
R2 | 0.768 | 0.866 | ||||
R2 adjusted | 0.664 | 0.807 | ||||
Mean of response | 0.0394 | 28.60 |
Properties | RPUF−Conv Polyol | RPUF-25 LBP | RPUF−62.5 LBP | RPUF-100 LBP |
---|---|---|---|---|
* Formulation | 2.5BA/1.0CAT/ 1.2NCO | 3.5BA/0.5 CAT/1.2NCO | 3.5BA/0.5CAT/ 1.3NCO | 2.5BA/0.5CAT/1.3NCO |
Density, kg/m3 | 38.5 ± 3.0 | 29.4 ± 2.0 | 25.6 ± 2.0 | 25.6 ± 3.0 |
Thermal conductivity, W/m·K | 0.0401 ± 3.3 × 10−4 | 0.0382 ± 1.4 × 10−4 | 0.0385 ± 2.9 × 10−4 | 0.0396 ± 2.3 × 10−4 |
Average cell size, µm | 392 ± 128 | 529 ± 187 | 377 ± 103 | 334 ± 100 |
σ10%, kPa | 112 ± 10.5 | 100 ± 7.4 | 81.2 ± 8.1 | 80.0 ± 7.0 |
Young Modulus, kPa | 680 ± 74.8 | 568 ± 79.6 | 453 ± 58.9 | 415 ± 51.9 |
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Vieira, F.R.; Gama, N.V.; Barros-Timmons, A.; Evtuguin, D.V.; Pinto, P.C.O.R. Development of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Kraft Lignin Polyol Obtained by Oxyalkylation Using Propylene Carbonate. ChemEngineering 2022, 6, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6060095
Vieira FR, Gama NV, Barros-Timmons A, Evtuguin DV, Pinto PCOR. Development of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Kraft Lignin Polyol Obtained by Oxyalkylation Using Propylene Carbonate. ChemEngineering. 2022; 6(6):95. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6060095
Chicago/Turabian StyleVieira, Fernanda R., Nuno V. Gama, Ana Barros-Timmons, Dmitry V. Evtuguin, and Paula C. O. R. Pinto. 2022. "Development of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Based on Kraft Lignin Polyol Obtained by Oxyalkylation Using Propylene Carbonate" ChemEngineering 6, no. 6: 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6060095