Relationships between Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchitic Symptoms in Chinese Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement
2.2.1. Outcomes
2.2.2. Ambient O3 Exposure Assessment
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Ambient O3 Exposure
3.3. Associations between O3 and AR and Bronchitic Symptoms
4. Discussion
4.1. Associations between O3 and AR and Bronchitic Symptoms
4.2. Potential Biological Mechanisms
4.3. Significance for Public Health
4.4. Advantages and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Participants with at Least One of the Diseases Involved # (n = 7274) | Participants without Any of the Diseases Involved # (n = 52,480) | Total (n = 59,754) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 10.02 (3.63) | 10.35 (3.59) | 10.31 (3.60) | <0.001 |
Gender | <0.001 | |||
Boys | 4140 (56.92) | 26,120 (49.77) | 30,260 (50.64) | |
Girls | 3134 (43.08) | 26,360 (50.23) | 29,494 (49.36) | |
Height (cm), mean (SD) | 142.74 (22.29) | 144.13 (21.65) | 143.96 (21.73) | <0.001 |
Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 39.85 (16.69) | 40.04 (16.13) | 40.02 (16.20) | 0.356 |
Exercise time per week (hour), mean (SD) | 5.96 (7.51) | 6.65 (8.03) | 6.56 (7.97) | <0.001 |
residence floor area per person (m2), mean (SD) | 24.52 (12.77) | 23.48 (12.39) | 23.60 (12.44) | <0.001 |
Parental education | 0.005 | |||
≥high school | 5430 (74.65) | 38,356 (73.09) | 43,786 (73.28) | |
<high school | 1844 (25.35) | 14,124 (26.91) | 15,968 (26.72) | |
Obesity | <0.001 | |||
No | 6646 (91.37) | 48,737 (92.87) | 55,383 (92.69) | |
Yes | 628 (8.63) | 3743 (7.13) | 4371 (7.31) | |
Low birth weight | 0.019 | |||
No | 6972 (95.85) | 50,595 (96.41) | 57,567 (96.34) | |
Yes | 302 (4.15) | 1885 (3.59) | 2187 (3.66) | |
Premature delivery | <0.001 | |||
No | 6756 (92.88) | 49,781 (94.86) | 56,537 (94.62) | |
Yes | 518 (7.12) | 2699 (5.14) | 3217 (5.38) | |
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure | <0.001 | |||
No | 3456 (47.51) | 28,476 (54.26) | 31,932 (53.44) | |
Yes | 3818 (52.49) | 24,004 (45.74) | 27,822 (46.56) | |
Breastfeeding | <0.001 | |||
No | 2726 (37.48) | 17,272 (32.91) | 19,998 (33.47) | |
Yes | 4548 (62.52) | 35,208 (67.09) | 39,756 (66.53) | |
Family allergic history | <0.001 | |||
No | 4802 (66.02) | 43,410 (82.72) | 48,212 (80.68) | |
Yes | 2472 (33.98) | 9070 (17.28) | 11,542 (19.32) | |
Family income per year | <0.001 | |||
≤9999 RMB | 1655 (22.75) | 10,804 (20.59) | 12,459 (20.85) | |
10,000–29,999 RMB | 2445 (33.61) | 19,725 (37.59) | 22,170 (37.10) | |
30,000–100,000 RMB | 2560 (35.19) | 18,438 (35.13) | 20,998 (35.14) | |
>100,000 RMB | 614 (8.44) | 3513 (6.69) | 4127 (6.91) |
City | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | Average 2008–2011 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shenyang | 91.05 (0.37) | 90.42 (0.38) | 89.55 (0.33) | 89.20 (0.25) | 90.07 (0.35) |
Dalian | 92.92 (0.40) | 94.08 (0.08) | 92.23 (0.50) | 91.16 (0.52) | 92.62 (0.39) |
Fushun | 87.45 (1.29) | 87.24 (1.60) | 86.44 (1.44) | 86.59 (1.41) | 86.89 (1.43) |
Anshan | 91.30 (0.27) | 91.30 (0.24) | 89.74 (0.25) | 89.55 (0.33) | 90.45 (0.25) |
Benxi | 85.99 (0.83) | 86.27 (0.70) | 85.72 (0.81) | 85.78 (0.68) | 85.94 (0.76) |
Dandong | 88.57 (0.11) | 88.71 (0.11) | 87.89 (0.08) | 87.28 (0.09) | 88.11 (0.10) |
Liaoyang | 91.13 (0.16) | 91.09 (0.05) | 89.90 (0.14) | 89.83 (0.16) | 90.48 (0.12) |
Total | 90.91 (3.52) | 90.31 (3.30) | 89.41 (2.94) | 89.08 (2.76) | 89.92 (3.20) |
Allergic Rhinitis | Cough | Phlegm | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p * | OR (95% CI) | p * | OR (95% CI) | p * | |
Age | ||||||
2–6 | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.14 (1.01–1.27) | |||
7–12 | 1.16 (1.07–1.24) | 0.012 | 1.23 (1.16–1.30) | 0.008 | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) | 0.423 |
13–17 | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 0.022 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 0.584 | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 0.238 |
Gender | ||||||
Boys | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | |||
Girls | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 0.641 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 0.043 | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.066 |
Family allergic history | ||||||
No | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | |||
Yes | 1.17 (1.09–1.26) | 0.131 | 1.09 (1.004–1.19) | 0.770 | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 0.890 |
Obesity | ||||||
No | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | |||
Yes | 1.17 (0.98–1.39) | 0.662 | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.243 | 0.99 (0.81–1.2) | 0.183 |
Breastfeeding | ||||||
No | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | |||
Yes | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 0.995 | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | 0.081 | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | 0.275 |
Premature delivery | ||||||
No | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | |||
Yes | 1.19 (1.01–1.40) | 0.510 | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 0.701 | 1.05 (0.85–1.28) | 0.481 |
Low birth weight | ||||||
No | 1.13 (1.07–1.18) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | |||
Yes | 1.18 (0.94–1.47) | 0.697 | 1.23 (0.99–1.53) | 0.308 | 1.30 (1.004–1.69) | 0.247 |
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure | ||||||
No | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | |||
Yes | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 0.372 | 1.13 (1.07–1.20) | 0.216 | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) | 0.382 |
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Zhou, P.-E.; Qian, Z.; McMillin, S.E.; Vaughn, M.G.; Xie, Z.-Y.; Xu, Y.-J.; Lin, L.-Z.; Hu, L.-W.; Yang, B.-Y.; Zeng, X.-W.; et al. Relationships between Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchitic Symptoms in Chinese Children. Toxics 2021, 9, 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9090221
Zhou P-E, Qian Z, McMillin SE, Vaughn MG, Xie Z-Y, Xu Y-J, Lin L-Z, Hu L-W, Yang B-Y, Zeng X-W, et al. Relationships between Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchitic Symptoms in Chinese Children. Toxics. 2021; 9(9):221. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9090221
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Pei-En, Zhengmin (Min) Qian, Stephen Edward McMillin, Michael G. Vaughn, Zhong-Yue Xie, Yu-Jie Xu, Li-Zi Lin, Li-Wen Hu, Bo-Yi Yang, Xiao-Wen Zeng, and et al. 2021. "Relationships between Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchitic Symptoms in Chinese Children" Toxics 9, no. 9: 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9090221
APA StyleZhou, P.-E., Qian, Z., McMillin, S. E., Vaughn, M. G., Xie, Z.-Y., Xu, Y.-J., Lin, L.-Z., Hu, L.-W., Yang, B.-Y., Zeng, X.-W., Zhang, W.-J., Liu, R.-Q., Chen, G., & Dong, G.-H. (2021). Relationships between Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Allergic Rhinitis and Bronchitic Symptoms in Chinese Children. Toxics, 9(9), 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9090221