Harmful Elements (Al, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) in Wild Berries and Fruits Collected in Croatia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Glass/Plastic Ware
2.2. Samples and Sample Preparation
2.3. Apparatus and Measurements
2.4. Calculations
2.5. Characterisation of the Analytical Method
3. Results
3.1. Analytical Method
3.2. Elemental Content of Wild Berries and Fruits
4. Discussion
4.1. Analytical Method
4.2. Elemental Content of Wild Berries and Fruits
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Settings |
---|---|
Spectrometer | High resolution Echelle polychromatorLarge format programmable array detector (L-PAD) |
RF-Generator | 40 MHz “free-running” |
Output power | 1.1 kW |
Argon flows | Coolant: 18 L min−1 Auxiliary: 0.8 L min−1 Nebuliser: 1.0 L min−1 |
Peristaltic pump | 1.0 mL min−1 |
Nebuliser | Pneumatic (glass concentric) |
Spray chamber | Glass cyclonic |
Plasma viewing | Axial |
Sample uptake delay | 30 s |
Analyte | Wavelength (nm) | LOD in Digest Solution (mg/L) | LOD in Dried Fruits (mg/kg) | Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | 308.215 | 0.074 | 2.9 | 110 |
Cadmium | 214.441 | 0.00071 | 0.028 | 113 |
Chromium | 206.149 | 0.00045 | 0.018 | 101 |
Nickel | 231.604 | 0.0038 | 0.15 | 85 |
Lead | 220.353 | 0.0070 | 0.28 | 101 |
Metal | Lingonberries | Rose Hip | Blueberries |
---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | 34.9–42.5–63.9 | 7527–8242–8836 | 1093–1248–1463 |
Cadmium | <0.028 | <0.028 | <0.028 |
Chromium | <0.018 | <0.018 | <0.018 |
Nickel | 1.81–2.49–12.9 | 10.6–11.3–23.5 | 21.0–24.8–56.2 |
Lead | 0.542–0.601–9.28 | 3.00–3.34–15.3 | 1.19–1.66–2.42 |
Metal | Limit in Food | Intake Limit 1 | Lit. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | 1.00 mg/kg bw/week (PTWI) | [25] | |||
Cadmium | Fruits and vegetables | 0.050 mg/kg f.w. | [30] | ||
0.025 mg/kg bw/month (PTMI) | [22] | ||||
0.001 mg/kg bw/day (Rfd) | [31] | ||||
Chromium | insoluble Cr(III)-salts | 1.500 mg/kg bw/day (Rfd) | [32] | ||
Cr(VI) | 0.003 mg/kg bw/day (Rfd) | [33] | |||
Nickel | soluble salts | 0.020 mg/kg bw/day (Rfd) | [34] | ||
0.020 mg/kg bw/day (Trv) | [23] | ||||
Lead | Fruit, excluding cranberries, currants, elderberries and strawberry tree fruit | 0.10 mg/kg f.w. | [35] | ||
cranberries, currants, elderberries and strawberry tree fruit | 0.20 mg/kg f.w. | [35] | |||
PTI value withdrawn 2010 | [22] |
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Zeiner, M.; Juranović Cindrić, I. Harmful Elements (Al, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) in Wild Berries and Fruits Collected in Croatia. Toxics 2018, 6, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6020031
Zeiner M, Juranović Cindrić I. Harmful Elements (Al, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) in Wild Berries and Fruits Collected in Croatia. Toxics. 2018; 6(2):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6020031
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeiner, Michaela, and Iva Juranović Cindrić. 2018. "Harmful Elements (Al, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) in Wild Berries and Fruits Collected in Croatia" Toxics 6, no. 2: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6020031