County-Level Radon and Incidence of Female Thyroid Cancer in Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, USA
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Appleton, J.D. Radon in air and water. In Essentials of Medical Geology, Revised ed.; Sellenius, O., Alloway, B., Centeno, J.A., Finklelman, R.B., Fuge, R., Lindh, U., Smedley, P., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2013; pp. 239–277. ISBN 978-94-007-4374-8. [Google Scholar]
- Ishikawa, T.; Narazaki, Y.; Yasuoka, Y.; Tokonami, S.; Yamada, Y. Bio-kinetics of radon ingested from drinking water. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2003, 105, 65–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Copes, R.; Scott, J. Radon exposure: Can we make a difference? Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2007, 177, 1229–1231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- George, A.C. The history, development and the present status of the radon measurement programme in the United States of America. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2015, 167, 8–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lantz, P.M.; Mendes, D.; Philbert, M.A. Radon, smoking, and lung cancer: The need to refocus radon control policy. Am. J. Public Health 2013, 103, 443–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wakeford, R. The cancer epidemiology of radiation. Oncogene 2004, 23, 6404–6428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Furukawa, K.; Preston, D.; Funamoto, S.; Yonehara, S.; Ito, M.; Tokuoka, S.; Sugiyama, H.; Soda, M.; Ozasa, K.; Mabuchi, K. Long-term trend of thyroid cancer risk among Japanese atomic-bomb survivors: 60 years after exposure. Int. J. Cancer 2013, 132, 1222–1226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Riches, A.C.; Herceg, Z.; Bryant, P.E.; Wynford-Thomas, D. Radiation induced transformation of SV40-immortalized human thyroid epithelial cells by single 10 exposure to plutonium alpha particles in vitro. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1994, 66, 757–765. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation; UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, D. Cancer after nuclear fallout: Lessons from the Chernobyl accident. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2, 543–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zablotska, L.B.; Nadyrov, E.A.; Rozhko, A.V.; Gong, Z.; Polyanskaya, O.N.; McConnell, R.J.; O’Kane, P.; Brenner, A.V.; Little, M.P.; Ostroumova, E.; et al. Analysis of thyroid malignant pathologic findings identified during 3 rounds of screening (1997–2008) of a cohort of children and adolescents from belarus exposed to radioiodines after the Chernobyl accident. Cancer 2015, 121, 457–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kesminiene, A.; Evrard, A.S.; Ivanov, V.K.; Malakhova, I.V.; Kurtinaitise, J.; Stengrevics, A.; Tekkel, M.; Chekin, S.; Drozdovitch, V.; Gavrilin, Y.; Golovanov, I. Risk of thyroid cancer among Chernobyl liquidators. Radiat. Res. 2012, 178, 425–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ivanov, V.K.; Gorski, A.I.; Maksioutov, M.A.; Vlasov, O.K.; Godko, A.M.; Tsyb, A.F.; Tirmarche, M.; Valenty, M.; Verger, P. Thyroid cancer incidence among adolescents and adults in the Bryansk region of Russia following the Chernobyl accident. Health Phys. 2003, 84, 46–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schonfeld, S.J.; Lee, C.; de Gonzalez, A.B. Medical exposure to radiation and thyroid cancer. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 23, 244–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vigneri, R.; Malandrino, P.; Vigneri, P. The changing epidemiology of thyroid cancer: Why is incidence increasing? Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2015, 27, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kristbjornsdottir, A.; Rafnsson, V. Incidence of cancer among residents of high temperature geothermal areas in Iceland: A census based study 1981 to 2010. Environ. Health 2012, 11, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goyal, N.; Camacho, F.; Mangano, J.; Goldenberg, D. Evaluating for a geospatial relationship between radon levels and thyroid cancer in Pennsylvania. Laryngoscope 2015, 125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kendall, G.M.; Smith, T.J. Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. J. Radiol. Prot. 2002, 22, 389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ron, E.; Lubin, J.H.; Shore, R.E.; Mabuchi, K.; Modan, B.; Pottern, L.M.; Schneider, A.B.; Tucker, M.A.; Boice, J.D., Jr. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: A pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiat. Res. 1995, 141, 259–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Preston, D.L.; Ron, E.; Tokuoka, S.; Funamoto, S.; Nishi, N.; Soda, M.; Mabuchi, K.; Kodama, K. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958–1998. Radiat. Res. 2007, 168, 1–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
States | Correlation Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Iowa | −0.19 | 0.07 |
New Jersey | 0.28 | 0.23 |
Wisconsin | −0.03 | 0.78 |
All 3 States | −0.12 | 0.12 |
States | Beta Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Iowa | −0.07 | 0.07 |
New Jersey | 0.06 | 0.23 |
Wisconsin | −0.01 | 0.78 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Oakland, C.; Meliker, J.R. County-Level Radon and Incidence of Female Thyroid Cancer in Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, USA. Toxics 2018, 6, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6010017
Oakland C, Meliker JR. County-Level Radon and Incidence of Female Thyroid Cancer in Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, USA. Toxics. 2018; 6(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleOakland, Caroline, and Jaymie R. Meliker. 2018. "County-Level Radon and Incidence of Female Thyroid Cancer in Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, USA" Toxics 6, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6010017
APA StyleOakland, C., & Meliker, J. R. (2018). County-Level Radon and Incidence of Female Thyroid Cancer in Iowa, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, USA. Toxics, 6(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6010017