Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Water from Asunle Stream, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Reagents and Chemicals
2.3. Sample Collection, Preparation, and Instrumental Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis of the Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Concentrations of PBDEs in Stream Water
3.2. Comparison of PBDE Levels in Water Samples with Levels in Various Countries of the World
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analytes | BDE28 | BDE 47 | BDE100 | BDE99 | BDE153 | BDE154 | BDE77 | PCNB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retention time (min) | 14.72 | 17.37 | 19.29 | 19.90 | 21.38 | 22.18 | 18.74 | 7.13 |
Quantitative ions (m/z) | 405 | 487 | 404 | 404 | 485 | 485 | 485 | 294 |
Qualifier ions (m/z) | 405, 247, 246 | 487, 327, 325 | 405, 137, 137 | 404, 297, 295 | 485, 483, 295 | 485, 485, 376 | 405, 325, 246 | 264, 248, 236, 176 |
Collision energy | 16, 14 | 18, 16 | 30, 30, 10 | 32, 28 | 32, 32, 10 | 32, 10 | NA | NA |
Month | BDE28 | BDE47 | BDE99 | BDE100 | BDE153 | BDE154 | Σ6PBDE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nov. | Nd | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.03 |
Jan. | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.45 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.08 |
Feb. | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.24 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.04 |
May. | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.34 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.07 |
Jun. | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | Nd | 0.79 ± 1.79 * | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.18 |
Jul. | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.06 | 2.49 ± 3.76 * | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.45 |
Aug. | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.34 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.06 |
Location | BDE28 | BDE47 | BDE99 | BDE100 | BDE153 | BDE154 | Σ6PBDEs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 1.31 ± 3.05 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.23 |
1 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 1.65 ± 2.64 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.31 |
2 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.21 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.07 |
3 | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.41 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.07 |
4 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.03 |
5 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.18 ± 0.31 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.05 |
BDE28 | BDE47 | BDE99 | BDE100 | BDE153 | BDE154 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDE28 | 1.00 | 0.351 * | 0.406 ** | 0.179 | 0.350 * | −0.117 |
BDE47 | 1.00 | 0.119 | 0.104 | 0.015 | 0.084 | |
BDE99 | 1.00 | 0.392 * | 0.514 ** | −0.417 ** | ||
BDE100 | 1.00 | 0.163 | −0.451 ** | |||
BDE153 | 1.00 | −0.319 * | ||||
BDE154 | 1.00 |
Location | ΣPBDEs ( tri-hept) | BDE 47 | BDE 99 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mendoza River, Argentine | Nd-1.9 b | - | - | [26] |
Scheldt Estuary and North Sea, Dutch Coast | <0.1–5.6 a | 1 | 0.5 | [40] |
Waste Water Treatment Plant, California | 29,023 a | 10,467 | 11,200 | [41] |
Lake Ontario, North America | 4–13 a | 0.11–3.83 | - | [42] |
San Francisco Estuary, California | 3–513 a | <16.1–179.5 | <13.1–90.7 | [35] |
Pearl River, South China | 0.344–0.68 b | 3–143 | <1–200 | [43] |
Leachate, Pretoria, South Africa | 9.79 b | - | - | [44] |
Diep/Kuils Rivers, South Africa | 0.25–21,200 b | - | - | [45] |
Lake Shihwa, Korea | 1.1–11(creek) b 0.25–2.1(in shore) b 0.16–0.37 (off shore) b 0.1 | - | - | [46] |
Asunle Stream, Ile-Ife | 0.03–0.45 a | - | - | This study |
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Olutona, G.O.; Oyekunle, J.A.O.; Ogunfowokan, A.O.; Fatoki, O. . Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Water from Asunle Stream, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Toxics 2017, 5, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5020013
Olutona GO, Oyekunle JAO, Ogunfowokan AO, Fatoki O . Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Water from Asunle Stream, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Toxics. 2017; 5(2):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5020013
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlutona, Godwin O., John A.O. Oyekunle, Aderemi O. Ogunfowokan, and Olalekan S. Fatoki. 2017. "Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Water from Asunle Stream, Ile-Ife, Nigeria" Toxics 5, no. 2: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5020013