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Volume 14
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10.3390/toxics14010034
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Article

Planar Optode Imaging Reveals Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity of Rhizosphere Microecology in Celosia argentea Under Cadmium Stress

by
Yunpeng Ge
1,†,
Kaiyang Ying
2,†,
Songhao Zhang
2,
Shenglei Wang
3,
Yayu Fang
2,
Jing Huang
4,
Hua Lin
2,
Ting Xu
5,* and
Guo Yu
2,6,7,8,*
1
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
2
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
3
Zhejiang Engineering Survey and Design Institute Group Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315012, China
4
Guangxi Qichuan Spatial Information Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530200, China
5
Guangxi Kangwanjia Farmland Soil Remediation Co., Ltd., Nanning 530601, China
6
Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Iron and Steel Industry Environmental Protection, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
7
University Engineering Research Center of Watershed Protection and Green Development, Guangxi, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
8
Key Laboratory of Carbon Emission and Pollutant Collaborative Control, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed to this work equally and should be considered as co-first authors.
Toxics 2026, 14(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010034 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 24 November 2025 / Revised: 21 December 2025 / Accepted: 24 December 2025 / Published: 27 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals in Soil)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Understanding rhizosphere microscale processes is essential for evaluating plant–soil interactions under heavy metal stress. In this study, planar optode imaging was used to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of O2, pH, and CO2 in the rhizosphere of Celosia argentea, a Cd hyperaccumulator, grown in Cd-contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The results demonstrated pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with O2 hotspots concentrated near root surfaces, localized rhizospheric alkalinization at root tips, and elevated CO2 levels reflecting active root metabolism. Under Cd stress, O2 levels were initially suppressed, while pH and CO2 increased, indicating adaptive physiological responses. As plant growth progressed, O2-enriched zones expanded, pH elevation persisted, and CO2 efflux continued, suggesting coordinated regulation of the rhizospheric microenvironment. These changes may influence microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in the rhizosphere, potentially supporting root function and plant adaptation under metal stress. This study provides mechanistic insights into root-induced microenvironmental regulation under Cd stress and demonstrates the potential of planar optode imaging for assessing plant-driven remediation processes in contaminated soils.
Keywords: phytoremediation; rhizosphere; heavy metal; planar optode; hyperaccumulator phytoremediation; rhizosphere; heavy metal; planar optode; hyperaccumulator

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ge, Y.; Ying, K.; Zhang, S.; Wang, S.; Fang, Y.; Huang, J.; Lin, H.; Xu, T.; Yu, G. Planar Optode Imaging Reveals Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity of Rhizosphere Microecology in Celosia argentea Under Cadmium Stress. Toxics 2026, 14, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010034

AMA Style

Ge Y, Ying K, Zhang S, Wang S, Fang Y, Huang J, Lin H, Xu T, Yu G. Planar Optode Imaging Reveals Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity of Rhizosphere Microecology in Celosia argentea Under Cadmium Stress. Toxics. 2026; 14(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010034

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ge, Yunpeng, Kaiyang Ying, Songhao Zhang, Shenglei Wang, Yayu Fang, Jing Huang, Hua Lin, Ting Xu, and Guo Yu. 2026. "Planar Optode Imaging Reveals Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity of Rhizosphere Microecology in Celosia argentea Under Cadmium Stress" Toxics 14, no. 1: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010034

APA Style

Ge, Y., Ying, K., Zhang, S., Wang, S., Fang, Y., Huang, J., Lin, H., Xu, T., & Yu, G. (2026). Planar Optode Imaging Reveals Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity of Rhizosphere Microecology in Celosia argentea Under Cadmium Stress. Toxics, 14(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010034

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