Presence and Dermal Exposure to Benzene and Acetaldehyde in Hand Sanitizers Available in Taiwan
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Reagents and Chemicals
2.2. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.3. Instrumentation
2.4. Method Validation
2.5. Dermal Exposure Assessment
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Analysis with GC-MS
3.2. Sample Analysis
3.3. Estimations of Exposures
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Retention Time (min) | Quantification Ion (m/z) | Identification Ions (m/z) | Calibration Range (μg/mL) | MDLs (μg/mL) | RSD (%) Low Conc | RSD (%) High Conc | Interim Limit Listed in FDA Guidance (ppm) a, b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methanol | 7.211 | 31 | 32, 29 | 20–200 | 3.74 | 8.41 | 2.56 | NMT 630 |
Ethanol | 7.692 | 31 | 45, 29 | 20–200 | 2.41 | 1.24 | 2.20 | |
Isopropanol | 8.058 | 45 | 43, 27 | 20–200 | 2.57 | 7.27 | 2.89 | |
Acetaldehyde | 9.953 | 29 | 44, 43 | 0.5–5 | 0.0017 | 3.48 | 0.93 | NMT 50 |
Benzene | 11.338 | 78 | 77, 51 | 0.5–1 | 0.0077 | 9.85 | 1.31 | NMT 2 |
Acetone | 8.169 | 43 | 58, 15 | 0.5–5 | 0.0231 | 10.79 | 7.93 | NMT 4400 |
Ethyl acetate | 9.543 | 43 | 61, 45 | 0.5–5 | 0.0334 | 1.25 | 1.75 | NMT 2200 |
Isobutanol | 9.717 | 43 | 41, 42 | 0.5–5 | 0.0346 | 2.04 | 3.20 | NMT 21,700 |
Acetal | 11.269 | 45 | 73, 29 | 0.5–5 | 0.0151 | 4.05 | 8.82 | NMT 50 |
1-propanol | 8.770 | 31 | 29, 59 | 0.5–5 | 0.0221 | 1.73 | 2.77 | NMT 1000 |
1-butanol | 10.326 | 56 | 31, 41 | 0.5–5 | 0.028 | 4.51 | 4.49 | NMT 1000 |
2-butanol | 9.336 | 45 | 27, 59 | 0.5–5 | 0.0389 | 9.96 | 2.74 | NMT 6200 |
3-methyl-1-butanol | 11.583 | 55 | 42, 43 | 0.5–5 | 0.0152 | 9.7 | 12.68 | NMT 4100 |
1-pentanol | 12.199 | 42 | 55, 41 | 0.5–5 | 0.0283 | 2.90 | 3.68 | NMT 4100 |
Chemical | Methanol | Acetone | 1-Propanol | 2-Butanol | Ethyl Acetate | Isobutanol | 1-Butanol | Acetal | 3-Methyl-1-butanol | 1-Pentanol | Benzene | Acetaldehyde |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
detection rates * (%) | 11 of 85 (12.9) | 11 of 85 (12.9) | 13 of 85 (15.3) | 14 of 85 (16.5) | 16 of 85 (18.8) | 7 of 85 (8.2) | 10 of 85 (11.8) | 2 of 85 (2.4) | 12 of 85 (14.1) | 2 of 85 (2.3) | 5 of 85 (5.9) | 19 of 85 (22.4) |
Mean ** | 14.61 | 4.53 | 6.73 | 13.83 | 26.34 | 7.24 | 10.23 | 28.24 | 4.65 | 1.32 | 0.84 | 22.39 |
GM *** | 3.91 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Max | 318.99 | 61.32 | 105.68 | 365.07 | 433.25 | 167.56 | 217.54 | 387.57 | 73.12 | 72.82 | 33.99 | 429.03 |
Min | 7.15 | 7.92 | 2.85 | 0.13 | 21.18 | 31.78 | 12.71 | 23.21 | 13.96 | 37.69 | 1.57 | 30.09 |
Median | 50.74 | 25.96 | 39.57 | 29.64 | 99.45 | 86.96 | 53.11 | 114.66 | 28.95 | 55.26 | 4.19 | 54.67 |
The non-carcinogenic risks | |||||||||
Application amount (3 g/day) Body weight (24.6 kg) 2~11 years old | Application amount (3 g/day) Body weight (64.2 kg) 11~21 years old | Application amount (3 g/day) Body weight (80 kg) >21 years old | Application amount (9 g/day) Body weight (24.6 kg) 2~11 years old | Application amount (9 g/day) Body weight (64.2 kg) 11~21 years old | Application amount (9 g/day) Body weight (80 kg) >21 years old | Application amount (13.5 g/day) Body weight (24.6 kg) 2~11 years old | Application amount (13.5 g/day) Body weight (64.2 kg) 11~21 years old | Application amount (13.5 g/day) Body weight (80 kg) >21 years old | |
Mean | 2.57 × 10−2 | 9.86 × 10−3 | 7.92 × 10−3 | 7.72 × 10−2 | 2.96 × 10−2 | 2.37 × 10−2 | 1.16 × 10−1 | 4.44 × 10−2 | 3.56 × 10−2 |
GM | 2.34 × 10−4 | 8.98 × 10−5 | 7.21 × 10−5 | 7.03 × 10−4 | 2.69 × 10−4 | 2.16 × 10−4 | 1.05 × 10−3 | 4.04 × 10−4 | 3.24 × 10−4 |
Max | 1.04 × 100 | 3.97 × 10−1 | 3.19 × 10−1 | 3.11 × 100 | 1.19 × 100 | 9.56 × 10−1 | 4.66 × 100 | 1.79 × 100 | 1.43 × 100 |
min | 1.52 × 10−4 | 5.84 × 10−5 | 4.69 × 10−5 | 4.57 × 10−4 | 1.75 × 10−4 | 1.41 × 10−4 | 6.86 × 10−4 | 2.63 × 10−4 | 2.11 × 10−4 |
Median | 1.52 × 10−4 | 5.84 × 10−5 | 4.69 × 10−5 | 4.57 × 10−4 | 1.75 × 10−4 | 1.41 × 10−4 | 6.86 × 10−4 | 2.63 × 10−4 | 2.11 × 10−4 |
The cancer risks | |||||||||
Application amount (3 g/day) Body weight (24.6 kg) 2~11 years old | Application amount (3 g/day) Body weight (64.2 kg) 11~21 years old | Application amount (3 g/day) Body weight (80 kg) >21 years old | Application amount (9 g/day) Body weight (24.6 kg) 2~11 years old | Application amount (9 g/day) Body weight (64.2 kg) 11~21 years old | Application amount (9 g/day) Body weight (80 kg) >21 years old | Application amount (13.5 g/day) Body weight (24.6 kg) 2~11 years old | Application amount (13.5 g/day) Body weight (64.2 kg) 11~21 years old | Application amount (13.5 g/day) Body weight (80 kg) >21 years old | |
Mean | 5.15 × 10−6 | 1.97 × 10−6 | 1.58 × 10−6 | 1.54 × 10−5 | 5.92 × 10−6 | 4.75 × 10−6 | 2.32 × 10−5 | 8.88 × 10−6 | 7.12 × 10−6 |
GM | 4.69 × 10−8 | 1.80 × 10−8 | 1.44 × 10−8 | 1.41 × 10−7 | 5.39 × 10−8 | 4.32 × 10−8 | 2.11 × 10−7 | 8.08 × 10−8 | 6.49 × 10−8 |
Max | 2.07 × 10−4 | 7.94 × 10−5 | 6.37 × 10−5 | 6.22 × 10−4 | 2.38 × 10−4 | 1.91 × 10−4 | 9.33 × 10−4 | 3.57 × 10−4 | 2.87 × 10−4 |
min | 3.05 × 10−8 | 1.17 × 10−8 | 9.38 × 10−9 | 9.15 × 10−8 | 3.50 × 10−8 | 2.81 × 10−8 | 1.37 × 10−7 | 5.26 × 10−8 | 4.22 × 10−8 |
Median | 3.05 × 10−8 | 1.17 × 10−8 | 9.38 × 10−9 | 9.15 × 10−8 | 3.50 × 10−8 | 2.81 × 10−8 | 1.37 × 10−7 | 5.26 × 10−8 | 4.22 × 10−8 |
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Cheng, C.-A.; Tsai, S.-W. Presence and Dermal Exposure to Benzene and Acetaldehyde in Hand Sanitizers Available in Taiwan. Toxics 2025, 13, 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13070537
Cheng C-A, Tsai S-W. Presence and Dermal Exposure to Benzene and Acetaldehyde in Hand Sanitizers Available in Taiwan. Toxics. 2025; 13(7):537. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13070537
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Chieh-An, and Shih-Wei Tsai. 2025. "Presence and Dermal Exposure to Benzene and Acetaldehyde in Hand Sanitizers Available in Taiwan" Toxics 13, no. 7: 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13070537
APA StyleCheng, C.-A., & Tsai, S.-W. (2025). Presence and Dermal Exposure to Benzene and Acetaldehyde in Hand Sanitizers Available in Taiwan. Toxics, 13(7), 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13070537