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Volume 13
Issue 12
10.3390/toxics13121010
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Article

Effects of Soil Restoration in Cadmium-Polluted Areas on Body Cadmium Burden and Renal Tubular Damage in Inhabitants in Japan

by
Kazuhiro Nogawa
1,
Masaru Sakurai
2,
Yuuka Watanabe
1,
Masao Ishizaki
2,
Yasumitsu Ogra
3,
Yu-Ki Tanaka
3,
Hirotaro Iwase
4,
Kayo Tanaka
4,
Teruhiko Kido
5,
Hideaki Nakagawa
2,
Yasushi Suwazono
1,* and
Koji Nogawa
1
1
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
2
Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Japan
3
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
4
Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
5
Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2025, 13(12), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121010 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 October 2025 / Revised: 18 November 2025 / Accepted: 18 November 2025 / Published: 22 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study explored the effects of soil restoration on cadmium (Cd) body burden and renal tubular damage in inhabitants of Cd-polluted areas by estimating the lifetime Cd (LCd) intake and expected LCd intake without soil restoration. In total, 1819 participants (991 men and 828 women) were included in the analysis. Furthermore, 845 participants (503 men and 342 women) who had lived in Cd-polluted areas before soil restoration were selected to estimate LCd intake with and without soil restoration. LCd intake was estimated based on residential history and rice Cd concentrations in each area. First morning urine samples were collected for urinary Cd (U-Cd, as the Cd body burden) and β2-microglobulin (as the renal tubular marker) measurements. The mean LCd intake was 3.0 g for men and 2.6 g for women in Cd-polluted areas with soil restoration. The mean expected LCd intake without soil restoration was 5.1 g for men and 4.6 g for women, indicating that soil restoration reduced LCd intake by approximately 2 g for both sexes. Soil restoration significantly reduces LCd intake, Cd body burden, and renal tubular effects. This information is crucial for developing strategies to reduce Cd exposure worldwide.
Keywords: lifetime cadmium intake; urinary cadmium; β2-microglobulin; Soil restoration lifetime cadmium intake; urinary cadmium; β2-microglobulin; Soil restoration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nogawa, K.; Sakurai, M.; Watanabe, Y.; Ishizaki, M.; Ogra, Y.; Tanaka, Y.-K.; Iwase, H.; Tanaka, K.; Kido, T.; Nakagawa, H.; et al. Effects of Soil Restoration in Cadmium-Polluted Areas on Body Cadmium Burden and Renal Tubular Damage in Inhabitants in Japan. Toxics 2025, 13, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121010

AMA Style

Nogawa K, Sakurai M, Watanabe Y, Ishizaki M, Ogra Y, Tanaka Y-K, Iwase H, Tanaka K, Kido T, Nakagawa H, et al. Effects of Soil Restoration in Cadmium-Polluted Areas on Body Cadmium Burden and Renal Tubular Damage in Inhabitants in Japan. Toxics. 2025; 13(12):1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121010

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nogawa, Kazuhiro, Masaru Sakurai, Yuuka Watanabe, Masao Ishizaki, Yasumitsu Ogra, Yu-Ki Tanaka, Hirotaro Iwase, Kayo Tanaka, Teruhiko Kido, Hideaki Nakagawa, and et al. 2025. "Effects of Soil Restoration in Cadmium-Polluted Areas on Body Cadmium Burden and Renal Tubular Damage in Inhabitants in Japan" Toxics 13, no. 12: 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121010

APA Style

Nogawa, K., Sakurai, M., Watanabe, Y., Ishizaki, M., Ogra, Y., Tanaka, Y.-K., Iwase, H., Tanaka, K., Kido, T., Nakagawa, H., Suwazono, Y., & Nogawa, K. (2025). Effects of Soil Restoration in Cadmium-Polluted Areas on Body Cadmium Burden and Renal Tubular Damage in Inhabitants in Japan. Toxics, 13(12), 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121010

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