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Volume 12
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10.3390/toxics12040300
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Article

Exposure to Microplastics Made of Plasmix-Based Materials at Low Amounts Did Not Induce Adverse Effects on the Earthworm Eisenia foetida

by
Beatrice De Felice
1,
Stefano Gazzotti
2,
Maddalena Roncoli
3,
Eleonora Conterosito
3,
Valentina Gianotti
3,
Marco Aldo Ortenzi
2 and
Marco Parolini
1,*
1
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
3
Department of Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via T. Michel 11, I-13100 Vercelli, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2024, 12(4), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040300
Submission received: 6 February 2024 / Revised: 23 March 2024 / Accepted: 16 April 2024 / Published: 18 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastic Pollution and Impact on Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems)
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Abstract

The implementation of recycling techniques represents a potential solution to the plastic pollution issue. To date, only a limited number of plastic polymers can be efficiently recycled. In the Italian plastic waste stream, the residual, non-homogeneous fraction is called ‘Plasmix’ and is intended for low-value uses. However, Plasmix can be used to create new materials through mechanical recycling, which need to be tested for their eco-safety. This study aimed to investigate the potential toxicity of two amounts (0.1% and 1% MPs in soil weight) of microplastics (MPs) made of naïve and additivated Plasmix-based materials (Px and APx, respectively) on the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Changes in oxidative status and oxidative damage, survival, gross growth rate and reproductive output were considered as endpoints. Although earthworms ingested both MP types, earthworms did not suffer an oxidative stress condition or growth and reproductive impairments. The results suggested that exposure to low amounts of both MPs can be considered as safe for earthworms. However, further studies testing a higher amount or longer exposure time on different model species are necessary to complete the environmental risk assessment of these new materials.
Keywords: biomarker; non-recyclable plastics; soil; terrestrial organisms biomarker; non-recyclable plastics; soil; terrestrial organisms

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MDPI and ACS Style

De Felice, B.; Gazzotti, S.; Roncoli, M.; Conterosito, E.; Gianotti, V.; Ortenzi, M.A.; Parolini, M. Exposure to Microplastics Made of Plasmix-Based Materials at Low Amounts Did Not Induce Adverse Effects on the Earthworm Eisenia foetida. Toxics 2024, 12, 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040300

AMA Style

De Felice B, Gazzotti S, Roncoli M, Conterosito E, Gianotti V, Ortenzi MA, Parolini M. Exposure to Microplastics Made of Plasmix-Based Materials at Low Amounts Did Not Induce Adverse Effects on the Earthworm Eisenia foetida. Toxics. 2024; 12(4):300. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040300

Chicago/Turabian Style

De Felice, Beatrice, Stefano Gazzotti, Maddalena Roncoli, Eleonora Conterosito, Valentina Gianotti, Marco Aldo Ortenzi, and Marco Parolini. 2024. "Exposure to Microplastics Made of Plasmix-Based Materials at Low Amounts Did Not Induce Adverse Effects on the Earthworm Eisenia foetida" Toxics 12, no. 4: 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040300

APA Style

De Felice, B., Gazzotti, S., Roncoli, M., Conterosito, E., Gianotti, V., Ortenzi, M. A., & Parolini, M. (2024). Exposure to Microplastics Made of Plasmix-Based Materials at Low Amounts Did Not Induce Adverse Effects on the Earthworm Eisenia foetida. Toxics, 12(4), 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040300

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