Effect of Air Pollution on the Basal DNA Damage of Mother–Newborn Couples of México City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Pollution Data
2.3. Alkaline Comet Assay
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mother/Newborn/Delivery Characteristics | N | Mean ± SD or % | Min-Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | 79 | 28.5 ± 6.3 | 14–43 | |
Multiple births | 1 | 94 | 90.4% | 1–4 |
>1 | 10 | 9.6% | ||
Number of pregnancies | 1 | 14 | 30.4% | 1–7 |
>1 | 32 | 69.6% | ||
Number of abortions | No | 33 | 68.8% | 0–4 |
Yes | 15 | 31.3% | ||
Infections during pregnancy | No | 71 | 73.2% | |
Yes | 26 | 26.8% | ||
Use of medications during pregnancy | No | 70 | 72.2% | |
Yes | 27 | 27.8% | ||
Smoking during pregnancy | No | 39 | 86.7% | 0–20 (Cigarettes/Day) |
Yes | 6 | 13.3% | ||
Weeks of gestational age | ≥37 | 47 | 54.0% | 27–42 (Weeks) |
<37 | 40 | 46.0% | ||
Birth weight (%) | ≥2500 g | 58 | 76.7% | 1114–4500 (g) |
<2500 g | 24 | 29.3% | ||
Apgar score at 1 min | 78 | 7.99 ± 1.15 | 1–9 | |
Apgar score at 5 min | 80 | 8.81 ± 0.53 | 6–9 | |
Area of residence (2 levels) | North | 42 | 58.9% | |
South | 31 | 41.1% | ||
Area of residence (4 levels) | North-West | 7 | 9.7% | |
North-East | 35 | 47.9% | ||
South-West | 19 | 26.0% | ||
South-East | 12 | 16.4% |
Exposure to Air Pollution | N | Mean ± SD | Min-Max |
---|---|---|---|
NOx (ppm) | 70 | 1.32 ± 0.35 | 0.425–2.72 |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 52 | 69.25 ± 10.48 | 40.75–93.46 |
Ozone (ppm) | 52 | 0.81 ± 0.10 | 0.51–1.90 |
Ozone 1st trimester (ppm) | 70 | 0.89 ± 0.18 | 0.315–1.26 |
Ozone at delivery (ppm) | 70 | 0.85 ±0.34 | 0.33–1.87 |
Variables | β ± SD | MR [95% CI] | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Area of Residence | NorthSouth | - | 1.00 | <0.05 |
0.66 ± 0.31 | 1.94; [1.03–3.63] | |||
NOx (ppm) | ≤1.19 | - | 1.00 | |
1.20–1.96 | −0.77 ± 0.36 | 0.46; [0.24–0.94] | <0.05 | |
≥1.97 | 0.72 ± 0.41 | 0.38; [0.21–1.12] | n.s. | |
PM10 (μg/m3) | ≤58.31 | - | 1.00 | |
58.32–75.89 | −0.75 ± 0.37 | 0.47; [0.23–0.99] | ≤0.05 | |
≥75.90 | −0.50 ± 0.37 | 0.61; [0.19–0.78] | ≤0.05 | |
Ozone at delivery (ppm) | ≤0.73 | - | 1.00 | |
0.74–1.00 | 0.06 ± 0.32 | 1.06; [0.56–2.01] | n.s. | |
≥1.01 | 1.26 ± 0.41 | 3.51; [1.53–8.03] | <0.01 | |
Maternal age | <29 | - | 1.00 | <0.05 |
≥29 | 0.88 ± 0.41 | 2.41; [1.04–5.60] | ||
Difficult delivery | No | - | 1.00 | <0.05 |
Yes | 0.80 ± 0.33 | 2.23; [1.16–4.31] |
Variables | β ± SD | MR [95% CI] | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Difficult delivery | No Yes | - | 1.00 | <0.05 |
0.58 ± 0.28 | 1.78; [1.02–3.11] | |||
Birth weight | ≥2500 g | - | 1.00 | |
<2500 g | 0.57 ± 0.28 | 1.76; [1.00–3.09] | <0.05 | |
Smoking during pregnancy | No | - | 1.00 | <0.05 |
Yes | 0.99 ± 0.46 | 2.72; [1.06–6.93] |
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Valverde, M.; Granados, A.; Milić, M.; Ceppi, M.; Sollano, L.; Bonassi, S.; Rojas, E. Effect of Air Pollution on the Basal DNA Damage of Mother–Newborn Couples of México City. Toxics 2023, 11, 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090766
Valverde M, Granados A, Milić M, Ceppi M, Sollano L, Bonassi S, Rojas E. Effect of Air Pollution on the Basal DNA Damage of Mother–Newborn Couples of México City. Toxics. 2023; 11(9):766. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090766
Chicago/Turabian StyleValverde, Mahara, Adriana Granados, Mirta Milić, Marcello Ceppi, Leticia Sollano, Stefano Bonassi, and Emilio Rojas. 2023. "Effect of Air Pollution on the Basal DNA Damage of Mother–Newborn Couples of México City" Toxics 11, no. 9: 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090766