Effectiveness of Tap Water in Reducing the Generation of Ultrafine Wear Particles from the Wheel-Rail Contact by Eliminating the Water Vapor Effect
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup, Particle Sensor, Sample Disk
2.2. Test Conditions
2.3. Test Procedure
- Background particle NC was measured for 20 s (background zone).
- The rotational speeds of the disks were accelerated over 30 s to reach the target speeds of 1200 and 2100 rpm (acceleration zone).
- The desired slip rate of 5% was achieved by maintaining the target rotational speed of the rail disk while linearly increasing the rotational speed of the wheel disk for 120 s (slip zone). Slip rate was calculated using Equation (1):
- 4.
- Finally, the rotational speeds of both disks were decelerated to stop over 45 s (deceleration zone).
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Applying tap water to the wheel-rail contact can notably reduce the NC of both ultrafine and fine particles generated from the wheel-rail contact. Thus, the application of tap water proves to be a highly effective method to decrease the generation of AWPs from the wheel-rail contact.
- In this study, the application of only 0.3 L/min of tap water on the wheel-rail contact resulted in a reduction of more than 67% and 86% of ultrafine and fine particles, respectively. Thus, even a small amount of applied tap water was found to be effective in reducing the generation of ultrafine and fine particles.
- The presence of mineral crystals in tap water can influence the measured NC when tap water is used as a lubricant. The diffusion dryer employed in this study cannot eliminate mineral crystals. Therefore, a future study is necessary to investigate and verify the effect of mineral crystals on the experimental results.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disk | Chemical Composition (wt. %) | Hardness (HB) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | C | Si | Cr | Cu | Ni | Mo | S | P | ||
Rail | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 291 |
Wheel | 285 |
Train Velocity (km/h) | Reduction Rate (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ultrafine Particles | Fine Particles | Total Particles | |
45 | 72.1 | 86.0 | 79.4 |
80 | 67.3 | 88.1 | 80.0 |
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Lee, H. Effectiveness of Tap Water in Reducing the Generation of Ultrafine Wear Particles from the Wheel-Rail Contact by Eliminating the Water Vapor Effect. Toxics 2023, 11, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100873
Lee H. Effectiveness of Tap Water in Reducing the Generation of Ultrafine Wear Particles from the Wheel-Rail Contact by Eliminating the Water Vapor Effect. Toxics. 2023; 11(10):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100873
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, HyunWook. 2023. "Effectiveness of Tap Water in Reducing the Generation of Ultrafine Wear Particles from the Wheel-Rail Contact by Eliminating the Water Vapor Effect" Toxics 11, no. 10: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100873