Heavy Metals in Surface Sediment of Plateau Lakes in Tibet, China: Occurrence, Risk Assessment, and Potential Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
2.4. Risk Assessment
2.4.1. Index of Potential Ecological Risk
2.4.2. Sediment Quality Guidelines
2.4.3. Index of Toxic Risk
2.4.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Distribution of Other Physical and Chemical Indicators
3.2. Concentration of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediment
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Hg | Ni | Pb | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yamzho Yum Tso | 24.44 ± 2.47 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 37.60 ± 10.90 | 26.17 ± 6.89 | 0.035 ± 0.001 | 17.31 ± 0.76 | 11.95 ± 1.64 | 39.43 ± 4.12 |
Nam Tso | 6.59 ± 1.79 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 27.87 ± 1.84 | 8.48 ± 1.24 | 0.016 ± 0.001 | 11.05 ± 0.34 | 21.41 ± 0.87 | 29.67 ± 12.43 |
Siling Tso | 16.79 ± 2.64 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 54.68 ± 3.13 | 14.74 ± 2.19 | 0.060 ± 0.005 | 20.20 ± 2.22 | 23.70 ± 0.11 | 58.67 ± 2.97 |
Co Ngoin Tso | 11.72 ± 1.26 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 24.47 ± 0.53 | 6.20 ± 0.62 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 9.91 ± 0.65 | 20.20 ± 1.04 | 39.13 ± 10.84 |
Tangra Yum Tso | 27.29 ± 0.92 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 52.58 ± 4.99 | 19.55 ± 0.60 | 0.019 ± 0.001 | 19.96 ± 0.36 | 49.41 ± 2.63 | 91.01 ± 3.08 |
Peiku Tso | 15.34 ± 4.02 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 49.66 ± 7.76 | 10.08 ± 0.92 | 0.033 ± 0.004 | 14.88 ± 0.14 | 21.36 ± 0.26 | 45.62 ± 6.49 |
Zhari Nam Tso | 28.79 ± 4.42 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 17.25 ± 1.98 | 3.24 ± 1.64 | 0.019 ± 0.001 | 6.95 ± 1.06 | 18.11 ± 0.74 | 48.32 ± 3.40 |
Gongzhu Tso | 331.87 ± 21.63 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 63.15 ± 8.35 | 20.39 ± 3.26 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | 22.61 ± 0.95 | 18.09 ± 0.17 | 40.79 ± 4.99 |
Rinchen Shup Tso | 38.16 ± 7.29 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 22.35 ± 1.55 | 18.17 ± 5.02 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 8.53 ± 0.46 | 38.44 ± 1.56 | 90.58 ± 20.03 |
Mapam Yum Tso | 28.69 ± 6.42 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 142.96 ± 17.66 | 15.54 ± 5.26 | 0.028 ± 0.004 | 61.82 ± 8.07 | 29.17 ± 1.05 | 44.25 ± 7.93 |
Tuo ji Tso | 15.11 ± 4.02 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 57.03 ± 7.76 | 23.39 ± 0.92 | 0.042 ± 0.004 | 28.68 ± 0.14 | 27.54 ± 0.26 | 81.74 ± 6.49 |
La’ ang Tso | 63.11 ± 3.71 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 426.94 ± 11.72 | 11.74 ± 1.45 | 0.021 ± 0.002 | 211.86 ± 23.31 | 7.58 ± 0.36 | 33.42 ± 7.93 |
Maximum | 331.87 | 0.32 | 426.94 | 26.17 | 0.06 | 211.86 | 49.41 | 91.01 |
Minimum | 6.59 | 0.04 | 17.25 | 3.24 | 0.01 | 6.95 | 7.58 | 29.67 |
CV | 169.72% | 61.19% | 133.81% | 45.64% | 55.45% | 151.59% | 45.26% | 39.31% |
TEC | 9.79 | 0.99 | 43.4 | 31.6 | 0.18 | 22.7 | 35.5 | 121 |
PEC | 33 | 4.98 | 111 | 149 | 1.06 | 48.6 | 128 | 459 |
<TEC(%) | 8.33% | 100.00% | 41.67% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 75.00% | 83.33% | 100.00% |
≥TEC < PEC(%) | 66.67% | - | 41.67% | - | - | 8.33% | 16.67% | - |
>PEC(%) | 25.00% | - | 16.66% | - | - | 16.67% | - | - |
Soil background value in Tibet [48] | 16.8 | 0.078 | 68.1 | 19.6 | 0.02 | 28.7 | 27.9 | 71.1 |
China’s crustal abundance [52] | 1.90 | 0.05 | 63.00 | 38.00 | 0.02 | 57.00 | 15.00 | 86.00 |
Global crustal abundance [52] | 2.20 | 0.20 | 73.50 | 63.00 | 0.45 | 89.00 | 12.00 | 94.00 |
Average value of lake sediment in China [56] | 12.1 | 0.194 | 85 | 31.7 | 0.053 | 36.8 | 31 | 88 |
3.3. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments
3.4. Risk Assessment
3.4.1. Toxic Risk Index Assessment
3.4.2. Potential Ecological Risk Assessment
3.5. Source Identification of Heavy Metals in the Plateau Lakes in Tibet
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Su, Q.; Shahab, A.; Huang, L.; Ubaid Ali, M.; Cheng, Y.; Yang, J.; Xu, H.; Sun, Z.; Zou, Q.; Chen, Z.; et al. Heavy Metals in Surface Sediment of Plateau Lakes in Tibet, China: Occurrence, Risk Assessment, and Potential Sources. Toxics 2023, 11, 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100804
Su Q, Shahab A, Huang L, Ubaid Ali M, Cheng Y, Yang J, Xu H, Sun Z, Zou Q, Chen Z, et al. Heavy Metals in Surface Sediment of Plateau Lakes in Tibet, China: Occurrence, Risk Assessment, and Potential Sources. Toxics. 2023; 11(10):804. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100804
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Qiongyuan, Asfandyar Shahab, Liangliang Huang, Muhammad Ubaid Ali, Yanan Cheng, Jiahuan Yang, Hao Xu, Zhicheng Sun, Qi Zou, Zhongbing Chen, and et al. 2023. "Heavy Metals in Surface Sediment of Plateau Lakes in Tibet, China: Occurrence, Risk Assessment, and Potential Sources" Toxics 11, no. 10: 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100804