Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Collection of Plant-Based Products
2.3. Processing of Herbal Products
2.4. Metal Contamination Status of Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort
2.5. Daily Human Intake Dose Calculation Equation for Cu, Pb, As, and Cd
2.6. Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Herbal Products
2.6.1. Human Health Risk Equation
2.6.2. Hazardousness Indicator Calculation
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Daily Human Intake (DHI)
3.2. Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Herbal Products
3.2.1. Human Health Risk Estimation
3.2.2. Hazard Quotient
3.2.3. Hazard Indicator Calculation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pharmaceutical Herbal Products | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Product Code | Origin * | Label Statement (Main Compounds) | Formulation Presentation | Therapeutic Uses |
P1 | Mexico | St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) | Herbal drug (drops) | Treatment of depressive state |
P2 | Mexico | St. John´s wort (Hypericum perforatum) 150 mg (dry extract of the aerial parts), equivalent to not less than 0.40 mg and not more than 0.54 mg of Hypericin | Herbal drug (tablets) | Auxiliary in the treatment of mild and moderate depressive states |
P3 | Germany | St. John´s wort (Hypericum perforatum) (Hypericum) 300 mg (flower dry extract) | Herbal drug (tablets) | Auxiliary in the treatment of mild and moderate depressive states |
P4 | Spain | St. John´s wort (Hypericum perforatum) (Hypericum) 275 mg (flower powder) | Herbal drug (capsules) | Auxiliary in the treatment of nervousness, anxiety, mild depression and sleep disorders |
P5 | USA | St. John´s wort (Hypericum perforatum) (Hypericum) 300 mg (dry extract) | Herbal drug (tablets) | Treatment of depressive states (listlessness, apathy, loss of self-esteem) and anxiety |
P6 | Switzerland | St. John´s wort (Hypericum perforatum) 250 mg (dry extract) equivalent to 0.5 mg hypericin | Herbal drug (tablets) | Antidepressant for the treatment of mild and moderate depression, in the treatment of transitory alterations of mood, sadness, melancholy, discouragement, lack of personal interest |
P7 | Mexico | St. John´s wort—Artemisia vulgaris | Herbal drug (drops) | Depression |
Food Supplements | ||||
Product Code | Origin * | Label Statement (Main Compounds) | Formulation Presentation | Therapeutic Uses |
S1 | Mexico | St. John´s wort (Perforatum SD) Tribulus terrestres Stachys officinalis Euphorbi lathyris | Dietary supplement (drops) | Depression treatment assistant |
S2 | Mexico | St. John’s wort (Tagetes lucida) Tribulus terrestris Tumera aphrodisiaca L. Curcuma longa Apple vinegar | Dietary supplement (drops) | Anxiety |
S3 | Mexico | St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) standardized to 0.3% Hypericin | Dietary supplement (drops) | Natural antidepressant, it promotes a general sense of well-being. It is a supplement to strengthen the nervous system |
S4 | Mexico | St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) | Dietary supplement (capsules) | Helps in the control of anxiety, anguish, depression, and irritability |
S5 | Mexico | St. John’s wort (Hiperycum perforatum), water, cane alcohol | Dietary supplement (drops) | Help in stress management Help in falling asleep |
S6 | Mexico | St. John’s wort, White Sapote, Valerian Root, Maca, Royal Jelly, California Damiana | Dietary supplement (drops) | Helps in the control of pressure, anxiety, lack of sleep, and anguish |
S7 | Mexico | St. John’s wort (Tagetes lucida) | Dietary supplement (tablets) | Auxiliary in the treatment of stress, depression, nervousness, and anxiety |
S8 | Mexico | St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) cbp vehicle 50 mL | Dietary supplement (drops) | Natural antidepressant, auxiliary in the treatment of anxiety, melancholy and nervousness |
S9 | Mexico | St. John´s wort (Hyperucum perforatum), White Sapote, Passion flower | Dietary supplement (capsules) | Helps in the control of pressure, anxiety, lack of sleep, anguish and headache |
S10 | Mexico | St. John’s wort, California Damiana, White hawthorn, guarana, zarzapilla, royal jelly Vitamins: A, B1, B2, B3, B6; glutamic acid, calcium | Dietary supplement (tablets) | Removes anguish and anxiety due to depression (antidepressant) |
S11 | Mexico | St. John´s wort (Hypericum perforatum), Turnera difusa, Crataegus oxyacantha l, flower pollen, honey bee, Lepidium meyenii, Paullinia cupana, Smilax aspera, royal jelly, vitamin A (Palmitate), vitamin B1 (Thiamine), vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), vitamin B3 (Nicotinamide), vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), vitamin E (D alpha tocopherol), glutamic acid, calcium pantothenate | Dietary supplement (tablets) | Calms and soothes anxiety, relieves headaches, acts on the nervous system, energizing, helps in prostate problems, helps in the immune system, gives energy |
S12 | Mexico | St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) leaf and stem, gelatin, magnesium stearate | Dietary supplement (capsules) | Treatment for depression and anxiety |
Traditional Herbal Remedies | ||||
Product Code | Origin * | Label Statement (Main Compounds) | Formulation Presentation | Therapeutic Uses |
T1 | Mexico | St. John´s wort (Tagetes lucida) | Traditional herbal remedy (leaves) | Auxiliary in the treatment of nervous depression, anguish and stress |
T2 | Mexico | St. John’s wort | Traditional herbal remedy (leaves and stems) | Nerves |
T3 | Mexico | St. John’s wort | Traditional herbal remedy (leaves and stems) | Nerves and anxiety |
T4 | México | St. John’s wort | Traditional herbal remedy (leaves and stems) | Depression |
Daily Human Intake (µg/Day) | Pharmaceutical Herbal Products n = 7 | Food Supplements n = 12 | Traditional Herbal Remedies n = 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals | Mean ± SD | Median (25–75 Percentile) | Mean ± SD | Median (25–75 Percentile) | Mean ± SD | Median (25–75 Percentile) | p |
Cu | 99.07 ± 71.56 | 127.04 (50.64–138.72) | 61.91 ± 96.77 | 12.7 (7.26–86.77) | 2067 ± 1721.6 | 1923.2 (809–3325) | 0.016 * 1 a 0.071 b 0.013 c |
Cd | 0.08 ± 0.13 | 0.02 (0.01–0.08) | 0.10 ± 0.15 | 0.05 (0.01–0.13) | 1.40 ± 0.78 | 1.22 (0.79–2.02) | 0.006 * 1 a 0.006 b 0.021 c |
Pb | 0.84 ± 0.72 | 0.76 (0.28–1.11) | 2.19 ± 1.16 | 2.3 (1.09–3) | 281.5 ± 247.11 | 294 (71–492) | 0.001 * 0.126 a 0.001 b 0.061 c |
As | 4.29 ± 4.17 | 3 (1.10–6.88) | 9.42 ± 5.26 | 8.81 (5.01–13.23) | 776.6 ± 530.04 | 871.2 (382–1171.2) | 0.002 * 0.277 a 0.001 b 0.046 c |
Pharmaceutical Herbal Products | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Product Code | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Cu | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Cd | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Pb | EHDI (mg/kg/day) As |
P1 | 3.135 × 10−5 | 4.615 × 10−8 | 3.877 × 10−6 | 2.448 × 10−5 |
P2 | 1.996 × 10−3 | 2.749 × 10−7 | 2.092 × 10−5 | 1.272 × 10−4 |
P3 | 2.869 × 10−3 | 1.231 × 10−6 | 3.352 × 10−5 | 1.704 × 10−4 |
P4 | 1.527 × 10−3 | 5.785 × 10−6 | 1.332 × 10−5 | 4.609 × 10−5 |
P5 | 2.272 × 10−3 | 1.107 × 10−6 | 1.177 × 10−5 | N.D. |
P6 | 1.954 × 10−3 | 9.231 × 10−8 | 4.677 × 10−6 | 8.446 × 10−5 |
P7 | 1.883 × 10−5 | 1.231 × 10−7 | 2.585 × 10−6 | 9.4 × 10−6 |
Food Supplements | ||||
Product Code | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Cu | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Cd | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Pb | EHDI (mg/kg/day) As |
S1 | 3.134 × 10−5 | 9.231 × 10−8 | 1.408 × 10−5 | 7.449 × 10−5 |
S2 | 7.786 × 10−5 | 1.077 × 10−7 | 1.943 × 10−5 | 3.708 × 10−5 |
S3 | 1.404 × 10−4 | 1.231 × 10−7 | 3.808 × 10−5 | 5.463 × 10−5 |
S4 | 7.107 × 10−4 | 1.815 × 10−6 | 4.078 × 10−5 | 1.958 × 10−4 |
S5 | 1.862 × 10−4 | 2.923 × 10−7 | 4.292 × 10−5 | 7.975 × 10−5 |
S6 | 2.044 × 10−4 | 1.692 × 10−7 | 1.192 × 10−5 | 1.511 × 10−4 |
S7 | 2.306 × 10−4 | 2.323 × 10−6 | 4.928 × 10−5 | 2.901 × 10−4 |
S8 | 8.595 × 10−5 | 1.231 × 10−6 | 7.846 × 10−6 | 9.757 × 10−5 |
S9 | 1.959 × 10−3 | 7.969 × 10−6 | 3.257 × 10−5 | 1.202 × 10−4 |
S10 | 1.373 × 10−4 | 3.231 × 10−7 | 2.901 × 10−5 | 1.752 × 10−4 |
S11 | 3.008 × 10−3 | 1.385 × 10−6 | 5.283 × 10−5 | 2.513 × 10−4 |
S12 | 4.657 × 10−3 | 3.462 × 10−6 | 6.566 × 10−5 | 2.112 × 10−4 |
Traditional Herbal Remedies | ||||
Product Code | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Cu | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Cd | EHDI (mg/kg/day) Pb | EHDI (mg/kg/day) As |
T1 | 2.548 × 10−3 | 1.192 × 10−5 | 3.385 × 10−4 | 1.12 × 10−3 |
T2 | 6.548 × 10−2 | 2.52 × 10−5 | 7.2 × 10−3 | 1.986 × 10−2 |
T3 | 3.683 × 10−2 | 1.231 × 10−5 | 7.938 × 10−3 | 1.063 × 10−2 |
T4 | 2.234 × 10−2 | 3.692 × 10−5 | 1.846 × 10−3 | 1.617 × 10−2 |
Pharmaceutical Herbal Products | |||
---|---|---|---|
Product Code | HQ Cd | HQ As | HIC |
P1 | 0.00009 | 0.08159 | 0.08168 |
P2 | 0.00055 | 0.42385 | 0.42440 |
P3 | 0.00246 | 0.56815 | 0.57062 |
P4 | 0.01157 | 0.15364 | 0.16521 |
P5 | 0.00222 | N.A. | 0.00222 |
P6 | 0.00018 | 0.28154 | 0.28172 |
P7 | 0.00025 | 0.03133 | 0.03158 |
Food Supplements | |||
S1 | 0.00018 | 0.24831 | 0.24849 |
S2 | 0.00022 | 0.12359 | 0.12381 |
S3 | 0.00025 | 0.18210 | 0.18235 |
S4 | 0.00363 | 0.65262 | 0.65625 |
S5 | 0.00058 | 0.26585 | 0.26643 |
S6 | 0.00034 | 0.50359 | 0.50393 |
S7 | 0.00465 | 0.96708 | 0.97172 |
S8 | 0.00246 | 0.32523 | 0.32769 |
S9 | 0.01594 | 0.40056 | 0.41650 |
S10 | 0.00065 | 0.58410 | 0.58475 |
S11 | 0.00277 | 0.83774 | 0.84051 |
S12 | 0.00692 | 0.70410 | 0.71103 |
Traditional Herbal Remedies | |||
T1 | 0.02385 | 3.73333 | 3.75718 |
T2 | 0.05040 | 66.21538 | 66.26578 |
T3 | 0.02462 | 35.44615 | 35.47077 |
T4 | 0.07383 | 53.90769 | 53.98154 |
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Rojas, P.; Ruiz-Sánchez, E.; Rojas, C.; García-Martínez, B.A.; López-Ramírez, A.M.; Osorio-Rico, L.; Ríos, C.; Reséndiz-Albor, A.A. Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. Toxics 2023, 11, 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090801
Rojas P, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Rojas C, García-Martínez BA, López-Ramírez AM, Osorio-Rico L, Ríos C, Reséndiz-Albor AA. Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. Toxics. 2023; 11(9):801. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090801
Chicago/Turabian StyleRojas, Patricia, Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez, Carolina Rojas, Betzabeth A. García-Martínez, Arely M. López-Ramírez, Laura Osorio-Rico, Camilo Ríos, and Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor. 2023. "Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City" Toxics 11, no. 9: 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090801
APA StyleRojas, P., Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Rojas, C., García-Martínez, B. A., López-Ramírez, A. M., Osorio-Rico, L., Ríos, C., & Reséndiz-Albor, A. A. (2023). Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John’s Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. Toxics, 11(9), 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090801