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Article

Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure

by
Edward J. Perkins
1,
Kimberly T. To
1,
Lindsey St. Mary
2,
Charles H. Laber
1,
Anthony J. Bednar
1,
Lisa Truong
2,
Robyn L. Tanguay
2 and
Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
1,*
1
Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
2
Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2022, 10(5), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050210
Submission received: 14 March 2022 / Revised: 18 April 2022 / Accepted: 19 April 2022 / Published: 22 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Models for Human Toxicology)
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Abstract

(1) Background: Disperse Blue 14, Disperse Red 9, Solvent Red 169 and Solvent Yellow 33 have been used to color smoke; however, they have not been comprehensively assessed for their potential health hazards. (2) Methods: To assess the effects of these dyes, zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) to 10–55 µM Disperse Red 9, 1–50 µM Solvent Red 169, 7.5–13.5 µM Solvent Yellow 33 or 133–314 µM Disperse Blue 14. Embryos were monitored for adverse effects on gene expression at 48 hpf as well as for mortality, development and behavior at 120 hpf. The dyes were examined for their potential to cross the blood–brain barrier. (3) Results: Solvent Yellow 33 and Disperse Blue 14 impaired development and behavior at all concentrations. Disperse Red 9 impaired behavior at all concentrations and development at all concentrations except for 10 µM. Solvent Red 169 caused no effects. Mortality was only seen in Disperse Blue 14 at 261.5 and 314 µM. Gene expression indicated impacts on neurodevelopment and folate and retinol metabolism as potential mechanisms of toxicity. (4) Conclusions: Smoke dyes have a high potential for causing developmental changes and neurotoxicity and should be examined more closely using comprehensive approaches as used here.
Keywords: transcriptomics; pathway; zebrafish embryo test; behavior; smoke dye transcriptomics; pathway; zebrafish embryo test; behavior; smoke dye

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MDPI and ACS Style

Perkins, E.J.; To, K.T.; St. Mary, L.; Laber, C.H.; Bednar, A.J.; Truong, L.; Tanguay, R.L.; Garcia-Reyero, N. Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure. Toxics 2022, 10, 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050210

AMA Style

Perkins EJ, To KT, St. Mary L, Laber CH, Bednar AJ, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Garcia-Reyero N. Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure. Toxics. 2022; 10(5):210. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050210

Chicago/Turabian Style

Perkins, Edward J., Kimberly T. To, Lindsey St. Mary, Charles H. Laber, Anthony J. Bednar, Lisa Truong, Robyn L. Tanguay, and Natàlia Garcia-Reyero. 2022. "Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure" Toxics 10, no. 5: 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050210

APA Style

Perkins, E. J., To, K. T., St. Mary, L., Laber, C. H., Bednar, A. J., Truong, L., Tanguay, R. L., & Garcia-Reyero, N. (2022). Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure. Toxics, 10(5), 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050210

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