The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Instruments
2.2. Experimental Setup
2.3. Experimental Design and Procedure
- (1)
- To explore the effect of ice thickness on the migration of atrazine, four different ice thickness conditions (3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm, and 12 cm) were set and numbered sequentially as 1–4. Four solutions of atrazine with an initial concentration of 15 μg/L were prepared. The freezing temperature was −5 °C. Freezing ended when the ice thickness reached 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm, and 12 cm, respectively.
- (2)
- To explore the effect of freezing temperature on the migration of atrazine, three different freezing temperature conditions (−5 °C, −10 °C, and −15 °C) were set and numbered sequentially as 5–7. Three solutions of atrazine with an initial concentration of 15 μg/L were prepared. Freezing ended when the ice thickness reached 9 cm.
- (3)
- To explore the effect of initial concentration on the migration pattern of atrazine, five different concentrations (5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 25 μg/L, 35 μg/L, and 45 μg/L) of atrazine solutions were prepared and numbered sequentially as 8–12. The freezing temperature was −5 °C. Freezing ended when the ice thickness reached 9 cm.
2.4. UPLC Method Parameters and Precision
2.5. Date Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Ice Thickness on the Migration of Atrazine
3.2. Effect of Freezing Temperature on the Migration of Atrazine
3.3. Effect of Initial Concentration on the Migration of Atrazine
3.4. Release Pattern of Atrazine during Ice Melting Process
4. Discussion
4.1. Migration Mechanism of Atrazine between Ice and Water during Freezing
4.2. Influence of Various Factors on the Migration Capacity of Atrazine
4.3. Mechanism of Atrazine Release from Ice during Melting
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Freezing causes redistribution of atrazine in both ice and water phases, and its concentration relationship is expressed as ice < water before freezing < water under the ice. Atrazine continuously migrated from the ice to the water under the ice during the freezing process, which reminded us that we need to pay more attention to the quality of under-ice water in the natural water body during the freezing period.
- (2)
- During the initial stages of thawing, atrazine trapped in the ice exhibits a massive release into the water. Moreover, as thawing continued, the concentration of atrazine in the meltwater became lower and lower the unmelted ice becomes purer. In areas where the water environment is prone to freezing in winter, the water environment may deteriorate instantaneously due to the concentrated release of atrazine in the early stages of ice thawing.
- (3)
- The K value decreased with increasing ice thickness, freezing temperature, and atrazine initial concentration. The migration ability of atrazine was positively correlated with ice thickness, freezing temperature, and atrazine initial concentration. Atrazine has an extremely low distribution coefficient (K = 0.006) when a solution with an initial concentration of 45 μg/L is frozen at −10 °C to a thickness of 9 cm. The migration ability of atrazine was strongest under this condition.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Mass to Charge Ratio m/z | Collision Energy | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent Ion | Daughter Ion | /eV | |
95.8 | 25 | ||
Atrazine | 215 | 103.73 | 28 |
173.9 | 17 |
Number | Average Concentration (μg/L) | Melt 1 (μg/L) | Melt 2 (μg/L) | Melt 3 (μg/L) | Melt 4 (μg/L) | Melt 5 (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.55 | 1.03 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.14 |
2 | 0.20 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.10 |
3 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
4 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
5 | 0.21 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
6 | 0.39 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.24 |
7 | 0.69 | 1.90 | 0.70 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.17 |
8 | 0.24 | 0.57 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
9 | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
10 | 0.33 | 0.68 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
11 | 0.45 | 0.79 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
12 | 0.46 | 0.84 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.22 |
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Zhang, Y.; Zhao, C.; Yu, A.; Zhao, W.; Ren, F.; Liu, Y. The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing. Toxics 2022, 10, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100603
Zhang Y, Zhao C, Yu A, Zhao W, Ren F, Liu Y. The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing. Toxics. 2022; 10(10):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100603
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yan, Chen Zhao, Aixin Yu, Wanli Zhao, Fangyun Ren, and Yucan Liu. 2022. "The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing" Toxics 10, no. 10: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100603
APA StyleZhang, Y., Zhao, C., Yu, A., Zhao, W., Ren, F., & Liu, Y. (2022). The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing. Toxics, 10(10), 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100603