The Meaning of Emoji to Describe Food Experiences in Pre-Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Selection of Emoji
2.4. Procedures
2.4.1. Study 1—Projective Mapping
2.4.2. Study 2—Check-All-That-Apply (CATA)
Selection of Emotion Words
2.4.3. Emotion Usage Questionnaire (EUQ) and Test Evaluation
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Emoji Usage Questionnaire (EUQ)
3.2. Study 1—Projective Mapping
3.3. Gender- and Age Differences
3.4. Study 2—CATA with Emoji
3.5. Comparing Study 1 and Study 2: Hierarchical Multiple Factor Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Meaning of Emoji: Similarities and Differences
4.2. Associations with Words
4.3. Gender and Age Differences
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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grinning face | drooling face | ||
grinning face with big eyes | nauseated face | ||
grinning face with smiling eyes | face vomiting | ||
beaming face with smiling eyes | hot face | ||
grinning squinting face | dizzy face | ||
slightly smiling face | exploding face | ||
winking face | partying face | ||
smiling face with smiling eyes | smiling face with sunglasses | ||
smiling face with halo | frowning face | ||
smiling face with hearts | face with open mouth | ||
smiling face with heart-eyes | fearful face | ||
star-struck | anxious face with sweat | ||
face blowing a kiss | crying face | ||
smiling face | loudly crying face | ||
face savoring food | face screaming fear | ||
face with tongue | confounded face | ||
winking face with tongue | persevering face | ||
zany face | tired face | ||
squinting face with tongue | face with steam from nose | ||
money-mouth face | pouting face | ||
hugging face | angry face | ||
neutral face | face with symbols on mouth | ||
relieved face | angry face with horns |
Dimensions | Emotion Words | ||
---|---|---|---|
References | Study 2 (English) | Study 2 (Italian) | |
I Pleasant Activation | energetic 1,2,3, excited 1,2, sensual 3 | energetic | pieno di energia |
II Activated Pleasure | enthusiastic 1,2, elated1, inspired 2, amused 3, cheerful 3 | enthusiastic, amused, cheerful | entusiasta, allegro/a, divertito/a |
III Pleasure | pleased 1, satisfied 1,2,3, happy 2,3, happy memory 3, merry, cuddled 3, gratified 3 | happy, satisfied, cuddled, gratified | felice, soddisfatto/a, coccolato/a, gratificato/a |
IV Deactivated Pleasure | serene 1, peaceful 1, secure 2,3, at ease 2, generous 3, tender 3, anti-stress 3 (calming, shooting, reassuring) | confident, at ease, reassured | sicuro/a, a mio agio, rassicurato/a |
V Pleasant Deactivation | placid 1, tranquil 1, relaxed 2,3/carefree 3, calm 2 | relaxed, calm, serene, carefree | rilassato/a, calmo/a, sereno/a, spensierato/a |
VI Deactivation | quiet 1,2, still 1, passive 2, indifferent 3 | indifferent, quiet | indifferente, tranquillo/a |
VII Unpleasant Deactivation | sluggish 1,tired 1, dulled 2, bored 2,3 | bored | annoiato/a |
VIII Deactivated Displeasure | sad 1,3, gloomy 1, blue 2, uninspired 2 | sad, melancholic | triste, malinconico/a |
IX Displeasure | unhappy 1,2, dissatisfied 1,2, neglected 3, disappointed 3 | unhappy, dissatisfied, disappointed | infelice, insoddifatto/a, deluso/a |
X Activated Displeasure | distressed 1, upset 1, tense 2, bothered 2, guilty 3 | guilty | in colpa |
XI Unpleasant Activation | frenzied 1, jittery 1, 2, nervous 2, annoyed 3 | annoyed, disgusted, angry, worried | infastidito/a, disgustato/a, arrabbiato/a, preoccupato/a |
XII Activation | aroused 1, activated 1, active 2, alert 2, surprised 3, curious 3 | surprised, curious | sorpreso/a, incuriosito/a |
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Sick, J.; Monteleone, E.; Pierguidi, L.; Ares, G.; Spinelli, S. The Meaning of Emoji to Describe Food Experiences in Pre-Adolescents. Foods 2020, 9, 1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091307
Sick J, Monteleone E, Pierguidi L, Ares G, Spinelli S. The Meaning of Emoji to Describe Food Experiences in Pre-Adolescents. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091307
Chicago/Turabian StyleSick, Julia, Erminio Monteleone, Lapo Pierguidi, Gastón Ares, and Sara Spinelli. 2020. "The Meaning of Emoji to Describe Food Experiences in Pre-Adolescents" Foods 9, no. 9: 1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091307