Perceptions about Healthy Eating and Emotional Factors Conditioning Eating Behaviour: A Study Involving Portugal, Brazil and Argentina
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characterization
3.2. Perceptions About Healthy Diet
3.3. Emotional Factors Conditioning the Eating Behaviour
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Groups | % | Variable | Groups | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age 1 | Young adults | 43.4 | Country | Argentina | 20.9 |
Adults | 39.5 | Brazil | 26.6 | ||
Senior adults | 14.5 | Portugal | 52.5 | ||
Elderly | 2.6 | Living environment | Rural | 9.6 | |
Sex | Women | 69.8 | Urban | 84.4 | |
Men | 30.2 | Suburban | 6.0 | ||
Education | Basic school | 0.6 | Area of study/work | Nutrition | 10.7 |
Secondary school | 39.6 | Food | 5.1 | ||
University degree | 59.8 | Agriculture | 2.2 | ||
Marital status | Single | 46.7 | Sport | 3.3 | |
Married | 44.1 | Psychology | 2.6 | ||
Divorced | 6.5 | Health | 19.8 | ||
Widowed | 2.8 | Others | 56.4 |
Perceptions About Healthy Eating | Percentage of Answers According to Scale Points | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (%) | 2 (%) | 3 (%) | 4 (%) | 5 (%) | |
1. Healthy eating is based on counting calories | 17.2 | 27.9 | 18.2 | 25.6 | 11.1 |
2. We should never consume sugary products | 15.7 | 56.9 | 14.2 | 10.6 | 2.6 |
3. Fruits and vegetables are important for a healthy diet | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 25.1 | 73.1 |
4. A healthy diet must be balanced, varied and complete | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 22.5 | 75.0 |
5. We can eat everything as long as it is in small quantities | 4.4 | 24.4 | 11.5 | 35.0 | 24.7 |
6. I believe that a healthy diet is expensive | 16.8 | 28.4 | 21.9 | 24.1 | 8.8 |
7. In my opinion it is strange that some people have cravings for sweets | 31.7 | 50.7 | 12.4 | 4.0 | 1.2 |
8. I believe that tradition is very important for healthy eating | 10.8 | 25.0 | 25.1 | 30.3 | 8.9 |
9. I believe that food coming from organic farming is healthier | 1.5 | 5.7 | 22.8 | 37.4 | 32.6 |
10. We should never consume high fat foods | 13.3 | 50.7 | 17.9 | 13.5 | 4.6 |
Variable | Perception | Chi-Square Test | Cramer’s Coefficient | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Correct | Incorrect | |||
(%) | (%) | p | V | |
Country | 0.018 | 0.057 | ||
Argentina | 90.8 | 9.2 | ||
Brazil | 89.7 | 10.3 | ||
Portugal | 93.2 | 6.8 | ||
Education | <0.0005 | 0.092 | ||
Basic school | 93.3 | 6.7 | ||
Secondary school | 88.7 | 11.3 | ||
University degree | 93.8 | 6.2 |
Emotional Factors Conditioning the Eating Behaviour | Percentage of Answers According to Scale Points | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (%) | 2 (%) | 3 (%) | 4 (%) | 5 (%) | |
1. Food helps me deal with stress | 8.8 | 35.7 | 19.7 | 28.8 | 7.1 |
2. I usually eat food that helps me control my weight | 3.6 | 16.2 | 21.0 | 50.2 | 9.0 |
3. I often consume products that keep me awake and alert (such as coffee, cola, energy drinks) | 29.0 | 33.4 | 11.1 | 19.8 | 6.8 |
4. I often consume products that help me relax (such as, for example, infusions of herbs with calming properties) | 10.4 | 23.2 | 17.2 | 37.4 | 11.8 |
5. Food makes me feel good | 1.4 | 4.3 | 17.0 | 60.7 | 16.7 |
6. When I feel alone, I comfort myself/take refuge in food | 21.7 | 45.0 | 15.5 | 12.9 | 4.9 |
7. I eat more when I have nothing to do | 15.1 | 31.7 | 14.2 | 30.0 | 9.0 |
8. For me, food serves as an emotional consolation | 22.2 | 40.9 | 16.6 | 15.2 | 5.2 |
9. When I’m depressed, I have more cravings for sweets | 20.5 | 36.0 | 13.7 | 20.4 | 9.4 |
Variable | Eating Habits | Chi-Square Test | Cramer’s Coefficient | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conditioned | Not Conditioned | |||
(%) | (%) | p | V | |
Country | <0.0005 | 0.166 | ||
Argentina | 33.2 | 66.8 | ||
Brazil | 36.4 | 63.6 | ||
Portugal | 20.4 | 79.6 | ||
Education | 0.006 | 0.064 | ||
Basic school | 26.7 | 73.3 | ||
Secondary school | 30.8 | 69.2 | ||
University degree | 25.0 | 75.0 | ||
Age 1 | <0.0005 | 0.156 | ||
Young adults | 34.0 | 66.0 | ||
Adults | 25.3 | 74.7 | ||
Senior adults | 15.2 | 84.8 | ||
Elderly | 12.5 | 87.5 | ||
Sex | <0.0005 | 0.146 | ||
Women | 31.6 | 68.4 | ||
Men | 17.4 | 82.6 | ||
Marital status | <0.0005 | 0.160 | ||
Single | 34.1 | 65.9 | ||
Married | 21.0 | 79.0 | ||
Divorced | 30.4 | 69.6 | ||
Widowed | 7.2 | 92.8 | ||
Living environment | <0.0005 | 0.116 | ||
Rural | 37.7 | 62.3 | ||
Urban | 25.1 | 74.9 | ||
Suburban | 41.6 | 58.4 | ||
Area of study/work | <0.0005 | 0.154 | ||
Nutrition | 37.6 | 62.4 | ||
Food | 37.8 | 62.2 | ||
Agriculture | 20.4 | 79.6 | ||
Sport | 26.8 | 73.2 | ||
Psychology | 46.2 | 53.8 | ||
Health | 32.2 | 67.8 | ||
Others | 22.1 | 77.9 |
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Cardoso, A.P.; Ferreira, V.; Leal, M.; Ferreira, M.; Campos, S.; Guiné, R.P.F. Perceptions about Healthy Eating and Emotional Factors Conditioning Eating Behaviour: A Study Involving Portugal, Brazil and Argentina. Foods 2020, 9, 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091236
Cardoso AP, Ferreira V, Leal M, Ferreira M, Campos S, Guiné RPF. Perceptions about Healthy Eating and Emotional Factors Conditioning Eating Behaviour: A Study Involving Portugal, Brazil and Argentina. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091236
Chicago/Turabian StyleCardoso, Ana Paula, Vanessa Ferreira, Marcela Leal, Manuela Ferreira, Sofia Campos, and Raquel P. F. Guiné. 2020. "Perceptions about Healthy Eating and Emotional Factors Conditioning Eating Behaviour: A Study Involving Portugal, Brazil and Argentina" Foods 9, no. 9: 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091236