Authentication of Ginkgo biloba Herbal Products by a Novel Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Species and Commercial Samples
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.3. DNA Quality and Purity
2.4. Target Gene Selection, Oligonucleotide Primers and Probes
2.5. Qualitative PCR
2.6. Real-Time PCR
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. DNA Quality and Selection of Target Region
3.2. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
3.2.1. Method Development
3.2.2. Method Validation
3.2.3. Analysis of Commercial Herbal Infusions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Label | Qualitative PCR a | Quantitative Real-Time PCR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EG-F/EG-R | Gkb2-F/Gkb2-R | Cq ± SD b EG-F/EG-R | Cq± SD b Gkb2-F/Gkb2-R | Estimated Ginkgo (%, w/w, Mean ± SD) c | |||
1 | Ginkgo infusion (leaves) | ginkgo | + | + | NA d | NA | NA |
2 | Ginkgo infusion (leaves) | ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
3 | Ginkgo infusion (leaves) | ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
4 | Herbal infusion (sachets) | 15% ginkgo | + | + | 17.03 ± 0.05 | 24.53 ± 0.32 | 2.98 ± 0.60 |
5 | Ginkgo infusion (sachets) | 100% ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
6 | Ginkgo infusion (sachets) | 100% ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
7 | Ginkgo infusion (leaves) | ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
8 | Ginkgo bio-infusion (leaves) (Agr. non EU) | 100% ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
9 | Ginkgo infusion (leaves) (Agr. non EU) | 100% ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
10 | Tisana MC (Plant mixture) | 15% ginkgo | + | +/− | 17.85 ± 0.49 | 34.00 ± 1.11 | 0.01 ± 0.01 |
11 | Tisana TB (Plant mixture) | 15% ginkgo | + | + | 15.50 ± 0.18 | 23.50 ± 0.05 | 1.98 ± 0.06 |
12 | Ginkgo infusion (sachets) | 30% ginkgo | + | + | 18.46 ± 0.13 | 24.12 ± 0.12 | 9.95 ± 0.79 |
13 | Ginkgo infusion (sachets) | 100% ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
14 | Herbal infusion (sachets) | ginkgo (% NL e) | + | + | 17.19 ± 0.07 | 24.80 ± 0.13 | 2.68 ± 0.24 |
15 | Herbal infusion (sachets) | ginkgo (% NL) | + | + | 16.71 ± 0.02 | 24.75 ± 0.02 | 2.00 ± 0.26 |
16 | Herbal infusion (sachets) (Agr. non EU) | 15% ginkgo | + | + | 16.33 ± 0.11 | 26.64 ± 0.35 | 0.47 ± 0.03 |
17 | Ginkgo infusion (leaves) | ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
18 | Ginkgo infusion (leaves) | ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
19 | Ginkgo infusion (sachets) | 100% ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
20 | Ginkgo infusion (leaves) | ginkgo | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
Species | Target | Primer | Sequence (5′→3′) | Length | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G. biloba | ITS1 | Gkb2-F | GCGGTAAGCCCATCTCTCGA | 175 bp | This work |
Gkb2-R | CCGAAGCGAACCCGAACAAC | ||||
Gkb2-P | FAM-ATGCCAAGGTCGCCGGACCGTC-BHQ1 | ||||
Eukaryote | Nuclear 18S rRNA | EG-F | TCGATGGTAGGATAGTGGCCTACT | 109 bp | [23] |
EG-R | TGCTGCCTTCCTTGGATGTGGTA | ||||
EG-P | FAM-ACGGGTGACGGAGAATTAGGGTTCGATTC-BHQ-1 | [24] |
Samples | Ginkgo (%, w/w) | CV b (%) | Error c (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Real Value (%) | Estimated Value a (%) | |||
CG–A | 20.0 | 23.58 ± 2.22 | 9.41 | 17.9 |
CG–B | 8.0 | 6.86 ± 0.66 | 9.55 | −14.3 |
CG–C | 2.0 | 2.11 ± 0.15 | 7.03 | 5.6 |
CG–D | 0.2 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 16.88 | −27.4 |
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Grazina, L.; Amaral, J.S.; Costa, J.; Mafra, I. Authentication of Ginkgo biloba Herbal Products by a Novel Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach. Foods 2020, 9, 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091233
Grazina L, Amaral JS, Costa J, Mafra I. Authentication of Ginkgo biloba Herbal Products by a Novel Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091233
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrazina, Liliana, Joana S. Amaral, Joana Costa, and Isabel Mafra. 2020. "Authentication of Ginkgo biloba Herbal Products by a Novel Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach" Foods 9, no. 9: 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091233