Green Extraction Methods for Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Blueberry Pomace
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Polyphenols Extraction
2.4. High Voltage Electrical Discharge-Assisted Extraction (HVED)
2.5. Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Extraction (PEF)
2.6. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
2.7. Determination of Total Polyphenolic Content and Antiradical Activity
2.8. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with the Diode-Array Detector (HPLC-DAD)
2.9. Phenolic Identification by LC-MS-MS
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts
3.2. Extraction of Anthocyanins
3.3. Extraction of Phenolic Acids
3.4. Extraction of Flavanols
3.5. Extraction of Flavonols
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phenolic Compound | Structure | Molecular Formula | [M − H]− (m/z) a | MS/MS (m/z) b | Collision Energy (eV) | Rt (min) HPLC c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catechin | C15H14O6 | 289.006 | 245.020 203.115 | 17 22 | 9.53 | |
Procyanidin B1 | C30H26O12 | 577.033 | 407.066 288.931 424.977 | 26 25 26 | 10.07 | |
Caffeic Acid | C9H8O4 | 178.978 | 135.033 134.010 | 19 28 | 10.66 | |
Procyanidin B2 | C30H26O12 | 577.033 | 407.066 288.931 424.977 | 26 25 26 | 11.58 | |
Chlorogenic Acid | C16H18O9 | 353.000 | 191.074 85.090 93.073 | 22 43 45 | 12.38 | |
Epicatechin | C15H14O6 | 289.006 | 245.020 203.115 | 17 22 | 13.79 | |
4-Hydroxcinnamic acid | C9H8O3 | 163.016 | 119.072 163.016 163.016 | 18 37 38 | 14.70 | |
Myricetin + | C15H10O8 | 319.000 | 153.027 217.062 245.062 | 31 31 27 | 19.00 | |
Quercetin + | C15H10O7 | 303.098 | 229.106 153.046 | 28 33 | 19.86 | |
Kaempferol | C15H10O6 | 285.078 | 184.919 239.126 | 30 35 | 20.97 | |
Anthocyanins * | ||||||
Del-3-glu + | C21H21O12 | 465.1027 | 13.39 | |||
Del-3-ara + | C20H19O11 | 435.0922 | 14.47 | |||
Pet-3-glu + | C22H23O12 | 479.1184 | 15.24 | |||
Cya-3-ara + | C20H19O10 | 419.0928 | 16.37 | |||
Peo-3-glu + | C22H23O11 | 463.1235 | 16.61 | |||
Peo-3-ara + | C21H21O11 | 433.1129 | 17.18 | |||
Mal-3-glu + | C23H25O12 | 493.1340 | 17.68 |
Ethanol | Anthocyanins | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVED (Hz) | Minutes | Del-3-Glu | Del-3-ara | Pet-3-glu | Cya-3-ara | Peo-3-glu | Peo-3-ara | Mal-3-glu | Total |
20 | 5 | 122.23 ± 3.08 | 87.77 ± 2.33 | 171.12 ± 4.91 | 44.73 ± 1.71 | 192.38 ± 5.3 | 7.14 ± 0.28 | 78.11 ± 2.69 | 703.48 |
20 | 10 | 157.04 ± 2.05 | 110.96 ± 1.34 | 188.35 ± 3.54 | 39.05 ± 1.14 | 228.56 ± 2.92 | 8.42 ± 0.16 | 100.74 ± 1.33 | 833.12 |
20 | 15 | 174.12 ± 4.22 | 124.02 ± 3.16 | 212.94 ± 4.97 | 44.99 ± 1.19 | 255.62 ± 5.96 | 9.36 ± 0.29 | 112.22 ± 2.84 | 933.27 |
50 | 5 | 146.66 ± 3.36 | 105.27 ± 2.44 | 178.60 ± 4.81 | 35.80 ± 0.89 | 213.30 ± 5.89 | 7.96 ± 0.3 | 93.88 ± 3.51 | 781.47 |
50 | 10 | 185.50 ± 2.90 | 133.14 ± 2.46 | 226.25 ± 4.94 | 43.09 ± 1.13 | 269.41 ± 3.89 | 10.49 ± 0.29 | 120.33 ± 2.3 | 988.21 |
50 | 15 | 102.24 ± 2.32 | 74.03 ± 1.81 | 128.17 ± 3.22 | 26.16 ± 0.81 | 152.06 ± 4.06 | 1.00 ± 0.02 | 67.03 ± 1.34 | 550.69 |
100 | 5 | 133.76 ± 3.86 | 95.75 ± 2.55 | 171.07 ± 11.34 | 37.44 ± 7.16 | 196.93 ± 10.19 | 7.65 ± 0.26 | 83.75 ± 2.54 | 726.35 |
100 | 10 | 178.95 ± 5.66 | 126.32 ± 3.61 | 222.76 ± 5.90 | 46.02 ± 1.57 | 259.50 ± 8.23 | 10.35 ± 0.26 | 113.66 ± 3.67 | 957.56 |
100 | 15 | 203.96 ± 5.67 | 144.19 ± 3.30 | 253.84 ± 5.37 | 52.92 ± 1.94 | 299.82 ± 8.56 | 11.93 ± 0.43 | 120.52 ± 3.93 | 1087.18 |
PEF (kV/cm) | Pulse No. | ||||||||
10 | 10 | 185.94 ± 13.92 | 132.99 ± 3.71 | 225 ± 8.04 | 48.20 ± 1.14 | 298.26 ± 10.54 | 5.47 ± 0.07 | 127.01 ± 4.18 | 1022.87 |
10 | 50 | 187.96 ± 5.08 | 135.52 ± 3.1 | 241.02 ± 4.53 | 50.98 ± 2.60 | 316.21 ± 7.63 | 5.23 ± 0.14 | 131.25 ± 3.72 | 1068.17 |
10 | 100 | 190.89 ± 5.23 | 143.61 ± 3.97 | 256.63 ± 5.52 | 55.03 ± 2.34 | 348.97 ± 7.09 | 6.70 ± 0.24 | 147.45 ± 3.67 | 1149.28 |
15 | 10 | 175.75 ± 8.54 | 127.31 ± 6.84 | 217.25 ± 8.19 | 47.09 ± 1.66 | 279.67 ± 11.45 | 4.95 ± 0.23 | 117.26 ± 7.54 | 969.28 |
15 | 50 | 169.08 ± 2.75 | 126.12 ± 1.82 | 222.3 ± 4.18 | 47.60 ± 1.00 | 293.73 ± 4.69 | 4.69 ± 0.24 | 126.44 ± 2.05 | 989.96 |
15 | 100 | 193.49 ± 9.05 | 153.4 ± 9.19 | 289.65 ± 14.8 | 60.66 ± 2.96 | 400.71 ± 17.97 | 7.07 ± 0.29 | 169.94 ± 7.39 | 1274.92 |
20 | 10 | 209.32 ± 8.70 | 152.16 ± 6.09 | 262.42 ± 8.91 | 55.95 ± 2.77 | 340.43 ± 13.96 | 5.92 ± 0.27 | 145.56 ± 6.77 | 1171.76 |
20 | 50 | 220.56 ± 7.80 | 162.98 ± 4.34 | 301.2 ± 23.05 | 67.17 ± 15.76 | 386.54 ± 19.83 | 7.36 ± 0.16 | 162.10 ± 5.93 | 1307.91 |
20 | 100 | 279.39 ± 10.73 | 205.24 ± 7.90 | 370.58 ± 14.00 | 79.13 ± 2.9 | 477.61 ± 17.45 | 11.33 ± 0.51 | 201.26 ± 8.81 | 1624.54 |
US (T °C) | Minutes | ||||||||
20 | 5 | 52.95 ± 0.87 | 40.80 ± 1.05 | 64.36 ± 1.22 | 12.40 ± 0.26 | 80.07 ± 2.45 | 1.40 ± 0.02 | 33.75 ± 0.95 | 285.73 |
20 | 10 | 76.36 ± 2.23 | 56.41 ± 1.76 | 94.01 ± 3.01 | 18.59 ± 0.61 | 114.16 ± 3.89 | 2.28 ± 0.06 | 49.33 ± 2.05 | 411.14 |
20 | 15 | 100.01 ± 5.53 | 72.44 ± 3.93 | 122.48 ± 6.23 | 23.44 ± 0.85 | 146.78 ± 7.75 | 4.12 ± 0.28 | 63.90 ± 3.98 | 533.17 |
40 | 5 | 62.29 ± 2.27 | 46.44 ± 1.87 | 73.13 ± 3.27 | 13.45 ± 0.36 | 82.88 ± 4.75 | 1.41 ± 0.04 | 37.10 ± 2.45 | 316.70 |
40 | 10 | 79.30 ± 3.16 | 58.12 ± 2.57 | 93.87 ± 4.98 | 17.38 ± 0.58 | 105.80 ± 5.8 | 1.90 ± 0.06 | 47.52 ± 2.61 | 403.89 |
40 | 15 | 120.50 ± 2.84 | 88.06 ± 2.19 | 153.57 ± 12.24 | 32.90 ± 8.39 | 181.80 ± 10.59 | 5.08 ± 0.13 | 77.01 ± 2.09 | 658.92 |
80 | 5 | 124.94 ± 2.59 | 92.61 ± 2.16 | 155.35 ± 3.96 | 29.97 ± 0.88 | 201.58 ± 4.94 | 4.13 ± 0.11 | 86.36 ± 1.95 | 694.94 |
80 | 10 | 146.36 ± 3.28 | 107.94 ± 2.15 | 183.81 ± 4.09 | 36.57 ± 0.65 | 226.42 ± 4.54 | 4.80 ± 0.10 | 98.60 ± 2.56 | 804.50 |
80 | 15 | 182.33 ± 6.15 | 131.75 ± 4.68 | 204.11 ± 7.91 | 43.37 ± 1.36 | 264.54 ± 9.86 | 6.29 ± 0.31 | 116.89 ± 4.68 | 949.28 |
Methanol | |||||||||
HVED (Hz) | Minutes | ||||||||
20 | 5 | 183.81 ± 4.19 | 128.97 ± 3.40 | 228.02 ± 6.46 | 46.92 ± 1.45 | 265.21 ± 7.32 | 10.79 ± 0.17 | 114.86 ± 2.85 | 978.58 |
20 | 10 | 205.46 ± 10.31 | 144.44 ± 7.08 | 254.27 ± 13.45 | 53.32 ± 2.80 | 299.05 ± 15.64 | 10.54 ± 0.53 | 131.10 ± 7.07 | 1098.18 |
20 | 15 | 222.23 ± 6.57 | 155.98 ± 4.94 | 275.22 ± 7.94 | 56.88 ± 2.42 | 325.47 ± 9.84 | 10.30 ± 0.61 | 143.05 ± 4.92 | 1189.13 |
50 | 5 | 187.32 ± 2.61 | 130.42 ± 2.15 | 231.34 ± 3.76 | 47.70 ± 0.90 | 271.26 ± 3.86 | 11.38 ± 0.79 | 116.95 ± 1.18 | 996.37 |
50 | 10 | 217.38 ± 14.17 | 152.38 ± 10.08 | 268.88 ± 18.97 | 55.38 ± 4.23 | 319.06 ± 21.7 | 11.43 ± 0.36 | 139.19 ± 9.52 | 1163.70 |
50 | 15 | 228.11 ± 5.61 | 158.83 ± 3.48 | 283.99 ± 6.87 | 58.86 ± 1.62 | 334.39 ± 8.52 | 11.31 ± 0.25 | 145.79 ± 3.91 | 1221.28 |
100 | 5 | 167.92 ± 3.18 | 117.15 ± 1.96 | 205.56 ± 3.39 | 40.96 ± 1.22 | 241.71 ± 4.65 | 8.86 ± 0.35 | 105.92 ± 2.10 | 888.08 |
100 | 10 | 201.16 ± 7.87 | 139.64 ± 5.13 | 247.67 ± 9.74 | 52.06 ± 1.80 | 291.32 ± 10.85 | 9.87 ± 0.52 | 127.33 ± 4.68 | 1069.05 |
100 | 15 | 204.98 ± 5.70 | 142.35 ± 4.02 | 253.36 ± 6.90 | 52.96 ± 1.90 | 298.10 ± 9.05 | 9.83 ± 0.22 | 130.07 ± 3.38 | 1091.65 |
PEF (kV/cm) | Pulse No. | ||||||||
10 | 10 | 177.70 ± 10.78 | 125.50 ± 5.33 | 222.39 ± 12.60 | 48.79 ± 3.37 | 270.18 ± 14.44 | 1.41 ± 0.20 | 116.78 ± 8.72 | 962.75 |
10 | 50 | 202.38 ± 10.85 | 143.46 ± 11.05 | 255.74 ± 20.02 | 52.43 ± 4.92 | 320.43 ± 23.07 | 1.50 ± 0.17 | 136.94 ± 11.36 | 1112.88 |
10 | 100 | 206.96 ± 3.71 | 146.98 ± 1.52 | 263.92 ± 12.29 | 58.49 ± 3.05 | 341.00 ± 10.18 | 1.73 ± 0.19 | 148.07 ± 3.24 | 1167.15 |
15 | 10 | 210.21 ± 11.62 | 149.62 ± 9.02 | 265.86 ± 13.47 | 59.77 ± 3.31 | 332.22 ± 16.36 | 1.56 ± 0.39 | 141.98 ± 6.19 | 1161.22 |
15 | 50 | 239.46 ± 6.99 | 174.41 ± 8.29 | 295.52 ± 20.43 | 62.89 ± 5.79 | 347.15 ± 24.64 | 1.83 ± 0.19 | 155.87 ± 11.05 | 1277.13 |
15 | 100 | 248.33 ± 12.46 | 178.99 ± 10.51 | 326.64 ± 17.45 | 68.57 ± 4.26 | 419.18 ± 27.02 | 1.83 ± 0.18 | 180.08 ± 9.31 | 1423.62 |
20 | 10 | 228.41 ± 7.58 | 161.90 ± 7.95 | 294.41 ± 11.87 | 60.80 ± 2.34 | 367.03 ± 13.34 | 1.72 ± 0.06 | 156.65 ± 6.17 | 1270.92 |
20 | 50 | 263.36 ± 5.38 | 183.62 ± 3.98 | 343.53 ± 2.73 | 77.21 ± 7.35 | 472.62 ± 40.17 | 2.01 ± 0.18 | 189.68 ± 10.29 | 1532.03 |
20 | 100 | 325.13 ± 10.14 | 230.93 ± 7.35 | 408.30 ± 12.17 | 87.65 ± 2.80 | 485.47 ± 18.70 | 2.63 ± 0.09 | 217.21 ± 6.38 | 1757.32 |
US (T °C) | Minutes | ||||||||
20 | 5 | 73.60 ± 3.27 | 53.96 ± 2.26 | 90.33 ± 4.12 | 18.59 ± 0.86 | 114.96 ± 5.35 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 49.84 ± 2.37 | 401.94 |
20 | 10 | 76.36 ± 2.23 | 56.41 ± 1.76 | 94.01 ± 3.01 | 18.59 ± 0.61 | 114.16 ± 3.89 | 2.28 ± 0.06 | 49.33 ± 2.05 | 411.14 |
20 | 15 | 100.01 ± 5.53 | 72.44 ± 3.93 | 122.48 ± 6.23 | 23.44 ± 0.85 | 146.78 ± 7.75 | 4.12 ± 0.28 | 63.90 ± 3.98 | 533.17 |
40 | 5 | 102.24 ± 2.32 | 74.03 ± 1.81 | 128.17 ± 3.22 | 26.16 ± 0.81 | 152.06 ± 4.06 | 1.00 ± 0.02 | 67.03 ± 1.34 | 550.69 |
40 | 10 | 116.83 ± 5.12 | 84.49 ± 3.55 | 145.41 ± 6.57 | 29.93 ± 1.29 | 169.60 ± 7.37 | 1.12 ± 0.06 | 75.61 ± 3.64 | 622.99 |
40 | 15 | 132.09 ± 8.63 | 94.68 ± 6.02 | 164.35 ± 11.45 | 33.62 ± 1.85 | 191.19 ± 12.97 | 1.28 ± 0.12 | 85.19 ± 5.80 | 702.40 |
80 | 5 | 108.87 ± 4.58 | 79.96 ± 3.46 | 132.15 ± 6.63 | 28.00 ± 2.11 | 148.29 ± 8.72 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 67.40 ± 3.76 | 565.56 |
80 | 10 | 156.31 ± 8.85 | 114.30 ± 6.40 | 190.59 ± 10.71 | 41.67 ± 2.64 | 214.49 ± 13.5 | 1.40 ± 0.12 | 97.52 ± 5.94 | 816.28 |
80 | 15 | 175.59 ± 7.32 | 128.90 ± 5.07 | 236.13 ± 7.99 | 45.28 ± 1.44 | 252.73 ± 10.43 | 2.16 ± 0.07 | 113.12 ± 4.67 | 953.91 |
Ethanol | Phenolic Acids | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVED (Hz) | Minutes | Chlorogenic Acid | Caffeic Acid | 4-HCA | Total |
20 | 5 | 224.30 ± 7.73 | 2.52 ± 0.06 | 16.82 ± 0.76 | 243.64 |
20 | 10 | 282.73 ± 5.57 | 2.91 ± 0.11 | 21.20 ± 0.21 | 306.84 |
20 | 15 | 322.65 ± 7.94 | 3.18 ± 0.12 | 23.29 ± 0.69 | 349.12 |
50 | 5 | 302.03 ± 5.67 | 2.98 ± 0.08 | 20.27 ± 0.37 | 325.28 |
50 | 10 | 373.83 ± 7.18 | 3.57 ± 0.10 | 24.59 ± 0.42 | 401.99 |
50 | 15 | 425.42 ± 14.87 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | 15.85 ± 0.31 | 442.90 |
100 | 5 | 256.38 ± 8.84 | 2.78 ± 0.07 | 18.53 ± 0.57 | 277.69 |
100 | 10 | 334.03 ± 11.74 | 3.32 ± 0.11 | 23.93 ± 0.48 | 361.28 |
100 | 15 | 378.60 ± 12.13 | 3.63 ± 0.10 | 26.67 ± 0.90 | 408.90 |
PEF (kV/cm) | Pulse No. | ||||
10 | 10 | 297.91 ± 10.07 | 3.39 ± 0.08 | 30.43 ± 1.23 | 331.73 |
10 | 50 | 216.55 ± 5.45 | 3.70 ± 0.14 | 32.55 ± 1.06 | 252.80 |
10 | 100 | 279.64 ± 8.22 | 3.47 ± 0.12 | 33.43 ± 1.37 | 316.54 |
15 | 10 | 197.80 ± 10.44 | 3.46 ± 0.16 | 28.74 ± 0.81 | 230.00 |
15 | 50 | 188.52 ± 4.82 | 3.66 ± 0.11 | 29.89 ± 0.67 | 222.07 |
15 | 100 | 253.91 ± 11.81 | 4.99 ± 0.17 | 35.49 ± 1.73 | 294.39 |
20 | 10 | 270.83 ± 3.46 | 3.80 ± 0.24 | 33.90 ± 1.13 | 308.53 |
20 | 50 | 372.75 ± 15.78 | 4.36 ± 0.11 | 37.52 ± 1.29 | 414.63 |
20 | Minutes | 568.86 ± 4.83 | 6.86 ± 0.19 | 49.75 ± 1.51 | 625.47 |
UAE (T °C) | Minutes | ||||
20 | 5 | 170.20 ± 5.84 | 1.37 ± 0.04 | 10.13 ± 0.10 | 181.70 |
20 | 10 | 197.97 ± 21.29 | 1.61 ± 0.05 | 13.22 ± 0.29 | 212.80 |
20 | 15 | 250.41 ± 4.87 | 1.77 ± 0.15 | 16.69 ± 0.21 | 268.87 |
40 | 5 | 143.46 ± 2.92 | 1.44 ± 0.05 | 10.66 ± 0.54 | 155.56 |
40 | 10 | 184.11 ± 9.56 | 1.66 ± 0.06 | 12.61 ± 0.29 | 198.38 |
40 | 15 | 442.98 ± 13.05 | 2.13 ± 0.06 | 18.40 ± 0.47 | 463.51 |
80 | 5 | 350.38 ± 33.72 | 2.25 ± 0.04 | 18.85 ± 0.38 | 371.48 |
80 | 10 | 451.21 ± 11.93 | 2.57 ± 0.34 | 19.35 ± 0.28 | 473.13 |
80 | 15 | 471.95 ± 2.17 | 2.69 ± 0.1 | 20.24 ± 0.85 | 494.88 |
Methanol | |||||
HVED (Hz) | |||||
20 | 5 | 168.27 ± 5.04 | 2.81 ± 0.06 | 23.79 ± 0.59 | 194.87 |
20 | 10 | 190.52 ± 11.7 | 2.68 ± 0.14 | 23.91 ± 0.23 | 217.11 |
20 | 15 | 210.23 ± 9.57 | 2.63 ± 0.16 | 26.02 ± 0.97 | 238.88 |
50 | 5 | 166.81 ± 2.19 | 2.68 ± 0.10 | 26.93 ± 1.70 | 196.42 |
50 | 10 | 197.98 ± 14.93 | 2.67 ± 0.16 | 27.74 ± 0.92 | 228.39 |
50 | 15 | 209.00 ± 7.29 | 2.67 ± 0.17 | 27.89 ± 0.61 | 239.56 |
100 | 5 | 142.83 ± 2.73 | 2.46 ± 0.09 | 21.62 ± 0.32 | 166.91 |
100 | 10 | 173.46 ± 8.48 | 2.37 ± 0.14 | 25.11 ± 0.80 | 200.94 |
100 | 15 | 179.62 ± 6.80 | 2.27 ± 0.17 | 25.59 ± 0.64 | 207.48 |
PEF (kV/cm) | Pulse No. | ||||
10 | 10 | 130.87 ± 6.51 | 2.78 ± 0.20 | 26.88 ± 0.57 | 160.53 |
10 | 50 | 116.84 ± 10.36 | 3.37 ± 0.21 | 29.47 ± 2.23 | 149.68 |
10 | 100 | 85.53 ± 2.56 | 2.90 ± 0.11 | 30.78 ± 1.05 | 119.21 |
15 | 10 | 97.50 ± 4.74 | 3.55 ± 0.29 | 28.42 ± 1.44 | 129.47 |
15 | 50 | 126.95 ± 3.15 | 3.51 ± 0.24 | 32.55 ± 2.12 | 163.01 |
15 | 100 | 133.41 ± 5.44 | 3.95 ± 0.27 | 36.27 ± 2.71 | 173.63 |
20 | 10 | 97.88 ± 6.61 | 4.06 ± 0.14 | 32.43 ± 1.43 | 134.37 |
20 | 50 | 157.15 ± 14.03 | 4.30 ± 0.42 | 40.30 ± 2.97 | 201.75 |
20 | 100 | 551.29 ± 5.08 | 4.93 ± 0.21 | 44.57 ± 1.43 | 600.79 |
UAE (T °C) | Minutes | ||||
20 | 5 | 220.06 ± 15.75 | 1.31 ± 0.11 | 12.10 ± 0.42 | 233.47 |
20 | 10 | 342.73 ± 6.23 | 1.61 ± 0.05 | 13.22 ± 0.29 | 357.56 |
20 | 15 | 439.57 ± 29.82 | 1.77 ± 0.15 | 16.69 ± 0.21 | 458.03 |
40 | 5 | 425.42 ± 14.87 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | 15.85 ± 0.31 | 442.90 |
40 | 10 | 461.50 ± 14.64 | 1.77 ± 0.07 | 17.76 ± 0.74 | 481.03 |
40 | 15 | 539.92 ± 20.67 | 1.93 ± 0.08 | 19.41 ± 1.10 | 561.26 |
80 | 5 | 227.08 ± 11.94 | 1.79 ± 0.06 | 16.86 ± 0.69 | 245.73 |
80 | 10 | 332.86 ± 20.71 | 2.19 ± 0.10 | 22.58 ± 1.35 | 357.63 |
80 | 15 | 372.99 ± 14.32 | 2.32 ± 0.07 | 26.24 ± 0.86 | 401.55 |
Ethanol | Flavanols | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVED (Hz) | Minutes | Catechin | PCB1 | PCB2 | Epicatechin | Total |
20 | 5 | 18.77 ± 1.09 | 5.21 ± 0.16 | 44.13 ± 0.67 | 31.13 ± 0.70 | 99.24 |
20 | 10 | 21.63 ± 0.90 | 5.40 ± 0.26 | 54.50 ± 0.75 | 35.22 ± 2.10 | 116.75 |
20 | 15 | 26.19 ± 0.85 | 5.56 ± 0.20 | 61.00 ± 2.03 | 42.37 ± 1.64 | 135.12 |
50 | 5 | 23.38 ± 0.76 | 5.37 ± 0.07 | 56.75 ± 0.77 | 35.61 ± 1.33 | 121.11 |
50 | 10 | 27.38 ± 0.51 | 5.69 ± 0.15 | 68.75 ± 1.30 | 44.52 ± 0.87 | 146.34 |
50 | 15 | 20.00 ± 0.70 | 7.20 ± 0.18 | 37.71 ± 1.08 | 30.91 ± 0.77 | 95.82 |
100 | 5 | 21.70 ± 0.42 | 5.27 ± 0.05 | 49.59 ± 1.97 | 35.65 ± 0.91 | 112.21 |
100 | 10 | 28.16 ± 0.24 | 5.67 ± 0.10 | 64.23 ± 2.17 | 48.65 ± 0.79 | 146.71 |
100 | 15 | 30.39 ± 0.74 | 5.91 ± 0.13 | 72.98 ± 2.49 | 53.95 ± 1.18 | 163.23 |
PEF (kV/cm) | Pulse No. | |||||
10 | 10 | 39.56 ± 0.81 | 5.98 ± 0.11 | 80.32 ± 3.30 | 54.43 ± 12.67 | 180.29 |
10 | 50 | 46.09 ± 0.38 | 5.83 ± 0.21 | 85.74 ± 1.13 | 45.54 ± 1.62 | 183.20 |
10 | 100 | 46.02 ± 0.88 | 5.99 ± 0.32 | 90.81 ± 3.21 | 50.74 ± 2.92 | 193.56 |
15 | 10 | 37.74 ± 0.90 | 5.69 ± 0.27 | 72.01 ± 3.69 | 44.35 ± 0.88 | 159.79 |
15 | 50 | 43.14 ± 1.86 | 5.90 ± 0.08 | 80.86 ± 3.37 | 40.47 ± 4.31 | 170.37 |
15 | 100 | 57.46 ± 1.76 | 6.28 ± 0.13 | 111.91 ± 5.26 | 47.91 ± 1.99 | 223.56 |
20 | 10 | 45.03 ± 1.86 | 6.14 ± 0.19 | 86.20 ± 3.91 | 47.86 ± 0.43 | 185.23 |
20 | 50 | 49.84 ± 1.45 | 6.43 ± 0.15 | 94.64 ± 2.93 | 51.20 ± 1.55 | 202.11 |
20 | 100 | 59.34 ± 2.54 | 7.65 ± 0.17 | 123.16 ± 4.58 | 74.72 ± 1.55 | 264.87 |
UAE (T °C) | Minutes | |||||
20 | 5 | 14.30 ± 0.30 | 4.75 ± 0.16 | 26.02 ± 1.60 | 14.08 ± 0.42 | 59.15 |
20 | 10 | 15.98 ± 0.38 | 5.21 ± 0.10 | 30.32 ± 1.07 | 18.87 ± 0.39 | 70.38 |
20 | 15 | 18.19 ± 1.84 | 5.36 ± 0.39 | 36.73 ± 2.99 | 23.48 ± 1.25 | 83.76 |
40 | 5 | 12.41 ± 0.32 | 4.97 ± 0.13 | 22.21 ± 0.83 | 13.75 ± 1.02 | 53.34 |
40 | 10 | 15.09 ± 0.35 | 5.26 ± 0.11 | 26.99 ± 0.83 | 17.99 ± 0.88 | 65.33 |
40 | 15 | 22.79 ± 0.73 | 5.90 ± 0.14 | 45.30 ± 1.50 | 26.55 ± 1.57 | 100.54 |
80 | 5 | 25.67 ± 0.87 | 6.08 ± 0.13 | 54.39 ± 1.10 | 26.30 ± 1.66 | 112.44 |
80 | 10 | 28.04 ± 1.70 | 5.79 ± 0.10 | 57.73 ± 2.48 | 29.48 ± 2.53 | 121.04 |
80 | 15 | 30.34 ± 1.66 | 5.70 ± 0.25 | 63.08 ± 1.68 | 34.84 ± 2.37 | 133.96 |
Methanol | ||||||
HVED (Hz) | Minutes | |||||
20 | 5 | 26.31 ± 0.25 | 8.45 ± 0.19 | 64.38 ± 1.86 | 53.91 ± 0.83 | 153.05 |
20 | 10 | 28.43 ± 0.43 | 7.12 ± 0.65 | 62.25 ± 1.47 | 55.09 ± 0.70 | 152.89 |
20 | 15 | 30.96 ± 1.28 | 6.13 ± 0.55 | 68.87 ± 4.43 | 59.55 ± 2.82 | 165.51 |
50 | 5 | 32.48 ± 1.91 | 6.29 ± 0.46 | 73.07 ± 4.55 | 64.02 ± 3.79 | 175.86 |
50 | 10 | 33.12 ± 0.94 | 6.24 ± 0.40 | 76.06 ± 2.75 | 64.94 ± 1.45 | 180.36 |
50 | 15 | 34.02 ± 0.97 | 6.23 ± 0.56 | 76.34 ± 2.31 | 65.88 ± 1.58 | 182.47 |
100 | 5 | 25.48 ± 0.19 | 6.42 ± 0.38 | 53.89 ± 1.08 | 49.55 ± 1.22 | 135.34 |
100 | 10 | 29.62 ± 1.10 | 5.49 ± 0.31 | 64.01 ± 3.05 | 58.00 ± 2.02 | 157.12 |
100 | 15 | 30.57 ± 0.83 | 5.53 ± 0.35 | 66.73 ± 2.08 | 59.11 ± 1.59 | 161.94 |
PEF (kV/cm) | Pulse No. | |||||
10 | 10 | 33.63 ± 1.64 | 7.68 ± 0.36 | 68.18 ± 3.76 | 56.48 ± 3.01 | 165.97 |
10 | 50 | 44.86 ± 2.38 | 8.74 ± 0.67 | 86.01 ± 5.61 | 60.54 ± 4.57 | 200.15 |
10 | 100 | 45.21 ± 0.34 | 8.04 ± 0.32 | 89.39 ± 2.71 | 63.01 ± 1.46 | 205.65 |
15 | 10 | 44.53 ± 1.98 | 8.63 ± 0.84 | 86.5 ± 3.69 | 65.15 ± 2.35 | 204.81 |
15 | 50 | 50.42 ± 2.96 | 9.47 ± 0.64 | 94.44 ± 6.92 | 70.83 ± 5.47 | 225.16 |
15 | 100 | 57.35 ± 2.54 | 10.00 ± 0.26 | 110.84 ± 7.62 | 75.88 ± 5.03 | 254.07 |
20 | 10 | 49.49 ± 2.08 | 8.52 ± 0.33 | 92.4 ± 5.37 | 70.75 ± 5.65 | 221.16 |
20 | 50 | 60.57 ± 3.81 | 10.74 ± 0.09 | 119.25 ± 8.51 | 85.50 ± 7.39 | 276.06 |
20 | 100 | 59.27 ± 1.40 | 12.11 ± 0.44 | 130.3 ± 4.81 | 96.18 ± 3.39 | 297.86 |
UAE (T °C) | Minutes | |||||
20 | 5 | 18.11 ± 0.89 | 6.11 ± 0.71 | 32.79 ± 2.84 | 22.46 ± 1.42 | 79.47 |
20 | 10 | 15.98 ± 0.38 | 5.21 ± 0.10 | 30.32 ± 1.07 | 18.87 ± 0.39 | 70.38 |
20 | 15 | 18.19 ± 1.84 | 5.36 ± 0.39 | 36.73 ± 2.99 | 23.48 ± 1.25 | 83.76 |
40 | 5 | 20.00 ± 0.70 | 7.20 ± 0.18 | 37.71 ± 1.08 | 30.91 ± 0.77 | 95.82 |
40 | 10 | 21.77 ± 0.84 | 7.94 ± 0.23 | 41.79 ± 1.83 | 35.62 ± 1.44 | 107.12 |
40 | 15 | 23.30 ± 1.30 | 8.42 ± 0.29 | 45.58 ± 2.83 | 39.64 ± 2.51 | 116.94 |
80 | 5 | 19.58 ± 0.82 | 7.62 ± 0.11 | 37.86 ± 1.93 | 33.08 ± 1.36 | 98.14 |
80 | 10 | 25.65 ± 1.30 | 9.13 ± 0.33 | 52.00 ± 2.74 | 46.51 ± 3.05 | 133.29 |
80 | 15 | 30.98 ± 1.06 | 9.66 ± 0.31 | 63.05 ± 2.38 | 52.35 ± 2.08 | 156.04 |
Ethanol | Flavonols | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVED (Hz) | Minutes | Myricetin | Que-der | Quercetin | Kaempferol | Total |
20 | 5 | 39.08 ± 0.88 | 9.66 ± 0.20 | 8.57 ± 0.14 | 13.30 ± 0.33 | 70.61 |
20 | 10 | 49.10 ± 0.61 | 10.54 ± 0.40 | 9.54 ± 0.24 | 15.95 ± 0.20 | 85.13 |
20 | 15 | 55.08 ± 1.52 | 10.78 ± 0.27 | 9.75 ± 0.26 | 17.12 ± 0.38 | 92.73 |
50 | 5 | 48.18 ± 1.16 | 10.66 ± 0.26 | 9.50 ± 0.20 | 15.44 ± 0.27 | 83.78 |
50 | 10 | 59.87 ± 1.34 | 12.31 ± 0.23 | 10.72 ± 0.17 | 17.88 ± 0.30 | 100.78 |
50 | 15 | 76.89 ± 0.77 | 13.22 ± 0.16 | 9.41 ± 0.17 | 12.38 ± 0.28 | 121.90 |
100 | 5 | 42.90 ± 1.30 | 10.29 ± 0.20 | 9.05 ± 0.15 | 14.18 ± 0.27 | 76.42 |
100 | 10 | 56.06 ± 1.96 | 12.10 ± 0.27 | 10.39 ± 0.24 | 17.30 ± 0.51 | 95.85 |
100 | 15 | 63.97 ± 2.25 | 13.05 ± 0.28 | 11.18 ± 0.23 | 19.15 ± 0.50 | 107.35 |
PEF (kV/cm) | Pulse No. | |||||
10 | 10 | 54.30 ± 1.89 | 14.00 ± 0.26 | 14.75 ± 0.36 | 25.61 ± 0.70 | 108.66 |
10 | 50 | 59.51 ± 1.86 | 13.87 ± 0.54 | 14.93 ± 0.33 | 26.18 ± 1.02 | 114.49 |
10 | 100 | 62.48 ± 2.06 | 15.14 ± 0.41 | 15.59 ± 0.40 | 28.37 ± 0.95 | 121.58 |
15 | 10 | 51.94 ± 3.06 | 12.46 ± 0.47 | 14.24 ± 0.63 | 22.64 ± 1.20 | 101.28 |
15 | 50 | 58.82 ± 1.76 | 13.52 ± 0.56 | 14.76 ± 0.50 | 25.50 ± 0.76 | 112.60 |
15 | 100 | 72.40 ± 3.52 | 16.47 ± 0.52 | 16.95 ± 0.57 | 32.21 ± 1.55 | 138.03 |
20 | 10 | 61.91 ± 3.42 | 13.91 ± 0.37 | 15.96 ± 0.58 | 26.32 ± 1.18 | 118.10 |
20 | 50 | 67.86 ± 2.32 | 15.25 ± 0.30 | 16.91 ± 0.39 | 30.32 ± 0.85 | 130.34 |
20 | 100 | 84.90 ± 3.56 | 17.39 ± 0.55 | 20.17 ± 0.70 | 35.08 ± 1.24 | 157.54 |
UAE (T °C) | Minutes | |||||
20 | 5 | 20.00 ± 0.84 | 7.74 ± 0.16 | 7.98 ± 0.14 | 10.08 ± 0.28 | 45.80 |
20 | 10 | 24.31 ± 0.89 | 8.50 ± 0.16 | 8.84 ± 0.17 | 11.39 ± 0.32 | 53.04 |
20 | 15 | 29.22 ± 1.74 | 9.52 ± 0.31 | 10.09 ± 0.39 | 13.23 ± 0.60 | 62.06 |
40 | 5 | 19.38 ± 1.00 | 7.54 ± 0.24 | 8.04 ± 0.25 | 9.57 ± 0.31 | 44.53 |
40 | 10 | 22.76 ± 1.09 | 8.14 ± 0.22 | 8.72 ± 0.19 | 10.67 ± 0.40 | 50.29 |
40 | 15 | 34.76 ± 0.98 | 10.34 ± 0.17 | 11.19 ± 0.22 | 14.74 ± 0.31 | 71.03 |
80 | 5 | 40.36 ± 0.90 | 11.15 ± 0.15 | 11.87 ± 0.18 | 16.11 ± 0.28 | 79.49 |
80 | 10 | 43.50 ± 1.07 | 11.16 ± 0.19 | 12.59 ± 0.24 | 16.74 ± 0.37 | 83.99 |
80 | 15 | 49.87 ± 1.94 | 11.38 ± 0.39 | 13.94 ± 0.45 | 18.11 ± 0.60 | 93.30 |
Methanol | ||||||
HVED (Hz) | Minutes | |||||
20 | 5 | 38.36 ± 1.12 | 11.63 ± 0.17 | 8.71 ± 0.13 | 16.17 ± 0.35 | 74.87 |
20 | 10 | 38.24 ± 0.31 | 11.28 ± 0.43 | 8.82 ± 0.06 | 16.10 ± 0.33 | 74.44 |
20 | 15 | 42.76 ± 2.67 | 9.90 ± 0.46 | 8.68 ± 0.29 | 16.52 ± 0.79 | 77.86 |
50 | 5 | 45.80 ± 3.40 | 10.80 ± 0.57 | 9.18 ± 0.43 | 17.51 ± 1.08 | 83.29 |
50 | 10 | 47.69 ± 2.46 | 11.31 ± 0.42 | 9.44 ± 0.23 | 18.21 ± 0.65 | 86.65 |
50 | 15 | 48.53 ± 1.85 | 11.07 ± 0.35 | 9.47 ± 0.29 | 18.56 ± 0.61 | 87.63 |
100 | 5 | 34.71 ± 0.61 | 9.86 ± 0.30 | 8.34 ± 0.12 | 14.46 ± 0.24 | 67.37 |
100 | 10 | 40.67 ± 1.52 | 9.09 ± 0.52 | 8.32 ± 0.30 | 15.53 ± 0.67 | 73.61 |
100 | 15 | 43.01 ± 1.59 | 9.39 ± 0.51 | 8.47 ± 0.28 | 16.23 ± 0.48 | 77.10 |
PEF (kV/cm) | Pulse No. | |||||
10 | 10 | 43.27 ± 2.33 | 11.72 ± 0.42 | 12.33 ± 0.42 | 20.74 ± 1.08 | 88.06 |
10 | 50 | 52.92 ± 4.42 | 13.45 ± 0.67 | 13.48 ± 1.05 | 25.11 ± 1.67 | 104.96 |
10 | 100 | 54.94 ± 1.32 | 14.12 ± 0.42 | 13.23 ± 0.22 | 25.93 ± 0.61 | 108.22 |
15 | 10 | 52.30 ± 2.56 | 13.13 ± 0.34 | 14.15 ± 0.27 | 24.54 ± 1.35 | 104.12 |
15 | 50 | 61.18 ± 4.42 | 14.73 ± 0.83 | 14.93 ± 0.61 | 27.93 ± 1.21 | 118.77 |
15 | 100 | 66.01 ± 3.94 | 14.55 ± 0.79 | 15.13 ± 0.99 | 29.05 ± 1.81 | 124.74 |
20 | 10 | 57.90 ± 3.30 | 12.64 ± 0.50 | 15.01 ± 0.87 | 25.09 ± 1.19 | 110.64 |
20 | 50 | 72.78 ± 6.29 | 15.83 ± 1.09 | 16.29 ± 0.75 | 32.13 ± 2.45 | 137.03 |
20 | 100 | 83.21 ± 3.17 | 15.48 ± 0.65 | 18.45 ± 0.58 | 33.26 ± 1.23 | 150.40 |
UAE (T °C) | Minutes | |||||
20 | 5 | 21.42 ± 1.00 | 8.20 ± 0.19 | 8.35 ± 0.22 | 10.89 ± 0.33 | 48.86 |
20 | 10 | 24.31 ± 0.89 | 8.50 ± 0.16 | 8.84 ± 0.17 | 11.39 ± 0.32 | 53.04 |
20 | 15 | 29.22 ± 1.74 | 9.52 ± 0.31 | 10.09 ± 0.39 | 13.23 ± 0.60 | 62.06 |
40 | 5 | 26.89 ± 0.77 | 9.22 ± 0.16 | 9.41 ± 0.17 | 12.38 ± 0.28 | 57.90 |
40 | 10 | 29.81 ± 1.44 | 9.73 ± 0.28 | 10.05 ± 0.27 | 13.29 ± 0.48 | 62.88 |
40 | 15 | 33.20 ± 2.15 | 10.42 ± 0.39 | 10.75 ± 0.44 | 14.53 ± 0.70 | 68.90 |
80 | 5 | 27.98 ± 1.38 | 9.15 ± 0.26 | 9.53 ± 0.30 | 12.11 ± 0.45 | 58.77 |
80 | 10 | 38.78 ± 2.40 | 10.89 ± 0.38 | 11.76 ± 0.50 | 15.04 ± 0.73 | 76.47 |
80 | 15 | 56.11 ± 1.82 | 12.11 ± 0.29 | 13.18 ± 0.39 | 17.23 ± 0.51 | 98.63 |
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Lončarić, A.; Celeiro, M.; Jozinović, A.; Jelinić, J.; Kovač, T.; Jokić, S.; Babić, J.; Moslavac, T.; Zavadlav, S.; Lores, M. Green Extraction Methods for Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Blueberry Pomace. Foods 2020, 9, 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111521
Lončarić A, Celeiro M, Jozinović A, Jelinić J, Kovač T, Jokić S, Babić J, Moslavac T, Zavadlav S, Lores M. Green Extraction Methods for Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Blueberry Pomace. Foods. 2020; 9(11):1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111521
Chicago/Turabian StyleLončarić, Ante, Maria Celeiro, Antun Jozinović, Josip Jelinić, Tihomir Kovač, Stela Jokić, Jurislav Babić, Tihomir Moslavac, Sandra Zavadlav, and Marta Lores. 2020. "Green Extraction Methods for Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Blueberry Pomace" Foods 9, no. 11: 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111521
APA StyleLončarić, A., Celeiro, M., Jozinović, A., Jelinić, J., Kovač, T., Jokić, S., Babić, J., Moslavac, T., Zavadlav, S., & Lores, M. (2020). Green Extraction Methods for Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Blueberry Pomace. Foods, 9(11), 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111521