Absorption and Metabolism of Phenolics from Digests of Polyphenol-Rich Potato Extracts Using the Caco-2/HepG2 Co-Culture System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of the ‘Onaway’ Potato Extract
2.2. In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Polyphenol-Rich Potato Extract
2.3. Sample Preparation for the Cell Culture Experiments
2.4. Cell lines and Culture Conditions
2.5. Caco-2/HepG2 Co-Culture System
2.6. LC-MS Analysis for Identification of Phenolics Using Targeted Metabolite Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Composition of the Digesta of PRPE Identified by Targeted Metabolite Profiling
3.2. Transport and Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds by Caco-2/HepG2 Cells
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Theoretical Mass (m/z) 2 | Measured Mass | Mass Accuracy (ppm) | Retention Time (min) | Common Name | Systematic Name | PRPE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
609.1461 | 609.1422 | 6.4 | 8.7 | Rutin | Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | + |
353.0878 | 353.0863 | 4.3 | 7.5 | Chlorogenic acid | (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid | + |
301.0354 | 301.0395 | 13.7 | 8.0 | Quercetin | 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one | T |
195.0663 | 195.0642 | 10.6 | 8.6 | Dihydroferulic acid | 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid | + |
193.0506 | 193.0507 | 0.5 | 8.5 | Ferulic acid | (E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid | + |
181.0506 | 181.0509 | 1.6 | 7.0 | Dihydrocaffeic acid | 3-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid | + |
179.0325 | 179.341 | 8.9 | 8.0 | Caffeic acid | 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid | + |
167.0350 | 167.0349 | 0.5 | 6.6 | Vanillic acid | 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid | + |
165.0557 | 165.054 | 10 | 8.4 | 3-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid | 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid | + |
163.0401 | 163.0409 | 4.9 | 8.4 | Coumaric acid | The isomer is not specified from our data | + |
153.0193 | 153.0192 | 0.6 | 7.2 | Protocatechuic acid | 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | + |
151.0401 | 151.0398 | 1.98 | 7.7 | 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | + |
149.0608 | 149.0599 | 6.03 | 9.4 | Phenylpropanoic acid | Phenylpropanoic acid | + |
147.0452 | 147.0453 | 0.6 | 8.5 | Cinnamic acid | 3-Phenylprop-2-enoic acid | + |
137.0244 | 137.0241 | 2.1 | 7.2 | 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid | + |
121.0295 | 121.0297 | 1.6 | 9.0 | Benzoic acid | Benzoic acid | + |
Theoretical Mass (m/z) | Measured Mass | Mass Accuracy (ppm) | Retention Time (min) | Common Name | PRPE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digesta b (0 h) | Percentage of Digesta Value c | Percentage of Basolateral Value d | ||||||
A (2 h) | B (2 h) | B (5 h) | ||||||
195.0663 | 195.0642 | 10.6 | 8.6 | Dihydroferulic acid | 1.22 | 78 | 10 | 78 |
193.0506 | 193.0507 | 0.5 | 8.5 | Ferulic acid | 1.07 | 90 | 11 | 166 |
181.0506 | 181.0509 | 1.6 | 7.0 | Dihydrocaffeic acid | 3.00 | 67 | 15 | 338 |
165.0557 | 165.054 | 10 | 8.4 | 3-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid | 15.11 | 69 | 4 | 233 |
163.0401 | 163.0409 | 4.9 | 8.4 | Coumaric acid | 2.44 | 68 | 3 | 212 |
151.0401 | 151.0398 | 1.98 | 7.7 | 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 1.02 | 70 | - | - |
149.0608 | 149.0599 | 6.03 | 9.4 | Phenylpropanoic acid | 0.32 | 65 | - | - |
147.0452 | 147.0453 | 0.6 | 8.5 | Cinnamic acid | 0.31 | 67 | - | - |
137.0244 | 137.0241 | 2.1 | 7.2 | 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 5.12 | 50 | 5 | 100 |
121.0295 | 121.0297 | 1.6 | 9.0 | Benzoic acid | + | + | + | + |
Theoretical Mass (m/z) | Measured Mass | Mass Accuracy (ppm) | Retention Time (min) | Common Name | Control | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control b (0 h) | Percentage of Control Value at 0 h c | Percentage of Basolateral Value d | ||||||
A (2 h) | B (2 h) | B (5 h) | ||||||
181.0506 | 181.0509 | 1.6 | 7.0 | Dihydrocaffeic acid | 1.1 | 26 | 26 | 123 |
165.0557 | 165.054 | 10 | 8.4 | 3-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid | 0.53 | 90 | - | - |
151.0401 | 151.0398 | 1.98 | 7.7 | 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 0.42 | 100 | - | - |
149.0608 | 149.0599 | 6.03 | 9.4 | Phenylpropanoic acid | 0.28 | 100 | - | - |
121.0295 | 121.0297 | 1.6 | 9.0 | Benzoic acid | + | + | + | + |
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Sadeghi Ekbatan, S.; Iskandar, M.M.; Sleno, L.; Sabally, K.; Khairallah, J.; Prakash, S.; Kubow, S. Absorption and Metabolism of Phenolics from Digests of Polyphenol-Rich Potato Extracts Using the Caco-2/HepG2 Co-Culture System. Foods 2018, 7, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7010008
Sadeghi Ekbatan S, Iskandar MM, Sleno L, Sabally K, Khairallah J, Prakash S, Kubow S. Absorption and Metabolism of Phenolics from Digests of Polyphenol-Rich Potato Extracts Using the Caco-2/HepG2 Co-Culture System. Foods. 2018; 7(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadeghi Ekbatan, Shima, Michele M. Iskandar, Lekha Sleno, Kebba Sabally, Joelle Khairallah, Satya Prakash, and Stan Kubow. 2018. "Absorption and Metabolism of Phenolics from Digests of Polyphenol-Rich Potato Extracts Using the Caco-2/HepG2 Co-Culture System" Foods 7, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7010008