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Volume 14
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10.3390/foods14193372
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Article

Evaluation of Listeria monocytogenes Dissemination in a Beef Steak Tartare Production Chain

by
Simone Stella
1,
Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi
1,
Francesco Pomilio
2,
Gabriella Centorotola
2,
Marina Torresi
2,
Alexandra Chiaverini
2,
Maria Filippa Addis
1,
Cristian Bernardi
1,
Martina Penati
1,
Clara Locatelli
1,
Paolo Moroni
1,
Silvia Grossi
1,
Viviana Fusi
1,
Paolo Urgesi
1 and
Erica Tirloni
1,*
1
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26020 Lodi, Italy
2
IZSAM, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2025, 14(19), 3372; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193372
Submission received: 5 September 2025 / Revised: 26 September 2025 / Accepted: 27 September 2025 / Published: 29 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

This study evaluated the diffusion of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in a beef steak tartare production chain, aiming to (1) evaluate Listeria spp. diffusion in finishing farms supplying beef cattle, (2) evaluate LM prevalence in carcasses, and (3) map LM diffusion in the production plant. A detection rate of 6/76 was observed in the farm, while carcasses after skinning and before refrigeration tested positive in 19/30 and 11/30, respectively. During tartare production, 57/154 meat and 35/191 environmental samples tested positive. A total of 114 LM isolates were characterized via a whole-genome sequencing approach. Five clonal complexes (CCs) and seven sequence types (STs) were identified, with CC9-ST580 being the most prevalent. Four clusters were identified from both the slaughtering and production phases. Genes related to resistance to fosfomycin, quinolones, sulfonamides, lincosamide, and tetracycline were detected. Two hypervirulent strains (CC6-ST6 and CC2-ST145), harboring a full-length inlA, several virulence genes, and stress islands, were detected. Stress Survival Islet 1 was found in almost all the isolates. The wide diffusion of LM in steak tartare requires the management of some critical phases of the production chain (mainly slaughtering); genomic methodologies could be useful in describing the circulation and virulence of LM strains.
Keywords: steak tartare; beef carcasses; Listeria monocytogenes; MALDI-TOF; whole-genome sequencing; antibiotic resistance steak tartare; beef carcasses; Listeria monocytogenes; MALDI-TOF; whole-genome sequencing; antibiotic resistance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Stella, S.; Sgoifo Rossi, C.A.; Pomilio, F.; Centorotola, G.; Torresi, M.; Chiaverini, A.; Addis, M.F.; Bernardi, C.; Penati, M.; Locatelli, C.; et al. Evaluation of Listeria monocytogenes Dissemination in a Beef Steak Tartare Production Chain. Foods 2025, 14, 3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193372

AMA Style

Stella S, Sgoifo Rossi CA, Pomilio F, Centorotola G, Torresi M, Chiaverini A, Addis MF, Bernardi C, Penati M, Locatelli C, et al. Evaluation of Listeria monocytogenes Dissemination in a Beef Steak Tartare Production Chain. Foods. 2025; 14(19):3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193372

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stella, Simone, Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi, Francesco Pomilio, Gabriella Centorotola, Marina Torresi, Alexandra Chiaverini, Maria Filippa Addis, Cristian Bernardi, Martina Penati, Clara Locatelli, and et al. 2025. "Evaluation of Listeria monocytogenes Dissemination in a Beef Steak Tartare Production Chain" Foods 14, no. 19: 3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193372

APA Style

Stella, S., Sgoifo Rossi, C. A., Pomilio, F., Centorotola, G., Torresi, M., Chiaverini, A., Addis, M. F., Bernardi, C., Penati, M., Locatelli, C., Moroni, P., Grossi, S., Fusi, V., Urgesi, P., & Tirloni, E. (2025). Evaluation of Listeria monocytogenes Dissemination in a Beef Steak Tartare Production Chain. Foods, 14(19), 3372. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193372

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