Targeted Study of the Effect of Yeast Strain on Volatile Compounds Produced in Sorghum Beer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yeast Strain | Flocculation | Ester Production | Beer Styles Used |
---|---|---|---|
American Ale | Low/Medium | Medium | American Pale Ale, American Amber Ale |
British Ale | Medium | Low | English IPA, British Golden Ale |
American Wheat | Low | Low | American Wheat Ale, Kölsch |
Belgian Abbey | Low/Medium | Medium | Belgian Tripel, Belgian Dark Strong Ale |
Compound | LRI | Flavor Descriptor |
---|---|---|
ethyl butyrate | 778 | Pineapple |
butyl acetate | 771 | Ethereal |
isoamyl acetate | 873 | Sweet, banana |
ethyl caproate | 1000 | Fruity, sweet |
hexyl acetate | 990 | Apple peel |
1-octanol | 1054 | Aromatic/chemical |
nonanal | 1105 | Fat, citrus, green |
ethyl octanoate | 1348 | Fruity |
ethyl decanoate | 1360 | Grape |
Day 0 | American Ale | Belgian Abby | British Ale | American Wheat | ||||
Compound | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum |
ethyl butyrate | 2.94 (±5.1) × 10−3 | 4.25 (±2.8) × 10−3 | 5.40 (±3.2) × 10−3 | 4.59 (±2.4) × 10−3 | 3.21 (±3.4) × 10−3 | 5.84 (±2.6) × 10−3 | 4.48 (±1.0) × 10−3 | 2.15 (±2.7) × 10−3 |
butyl acetate | 9.92 (±9.1) × 10−2 | 4.95 (±4.9) × 10−2 | 1.86 (±1.3) × 10−2 | 3.90 (±3.7) × 10−2 | 1.86 (±6.4) × 10−2 | 4.02 (±4.1) × 10−2 | 1.92 (±0.8) × 10−3 | 1.67 (±4.4) × 10−2 |
isoamyl acetate | 9.22 (±6.5) × 10−4 | 2.53 (±2.8) × 10−3 | 6.33 (±1.0) × 10−3 | 3.16 (±2.7) × 10−4 | 6.33 (±6.5) × 10−3 | 7.99 (±1.3) × 10−4 | 6.72 (±1.1) × 10−5 | 9.62 (±9.8) × 10−5 |
ethyl caproate | 8.20 (±4.3) × 10−4 | 5.61 (±3.7) × 10−4 | 5.54 (±4.9) × 10−4 | 3.12 (±4.1) × 10−4 | 5.54 (±1.9) × 10−4 | 3.07 (±3.2) × 10−4 | 2.84 (±3.6) × 10−4 | 8.17 (±4.7) × 10−5 |
hexyl acetate | 2.09 (±2.4) × 10−3 | n.d. | 1.44 (±2.3) × 10−3 | 3.25 (±5.6) × 10−5 | 1.44 (±3.9) × 10−3 | 3.11 (±5.3) × 10−5 | 1.03 (±1.1) × 10−3 | 1.94 (±2.2) × 10−4 |
1-Octanol | 1.29 (±2.2) × 10−3 | 7.54 (±8.2) × 10−4 | 1.09 (±0.9) × 10−4 | 3.30 (±5.7) × 10−4 | 1.09 (±4.7) × 10−3 | 1.05 (±1.8) × 10−4 | 1.42 (±2.2) × 10−2 | 2.43 (±2.8) × 10−4 |
nonanal | 6.45 (±8.5) × 10−3 | 3.45 (±1.7) × 10−3 | 3.26 (±4.6) × 10−3 | 9.03 (±7.8) × 10−3 | 3.26 (±2.6) × 10−3 | 7.60 (±6.8) × 10−3 | 4.19 (±4.3) × 10−3 | 4.70 (±5.7) × 10−3 |
ethyl octanoate | 4.06 (±2.9) × 10−3 | 1.35 (±1.3) × 10−2 | 4.21 (±3.5) × 10−3 | 6.33 (±5.5) × 10−3 | 4.21 (±6.6) × 10−3 | 6.15 (±1.0) × 10−4 | 3.20 (±3.8) × 10−3 | 1.15 (±1.1) × 10−3 |
ethyl decanoate | 7.46 (±7.1) × 10−3 | 1.66 (±1.5) × 10−2 | 8.89 (±1.1) × 10−3 | 6.49 (±5.8) × 10−3 | 8.89 (±4.4) × 10−3 | 7.41 (±1.2) × 10−3 | 6.51 (±1.0) × 10−3 | n.d. |
Day 3 | American Ale | Belgian Abby | British Ale | American Wheat | ||||
Compound | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum |
ethyl butyrate | 1.51 (±1.4) × 10−2 | 2.03 (±2.4) × 10−3 | 3.44 (±1.9) × 10−2 | 1.16 (±0.3) × 10−3 | 3.38 (±1.2) × 10−2 | 3.11 (±3.6) × 10−3 | 1.83 (±1.6) × 10−2 | 4.59 (±4.1) × 10−3 |
butyl acetate | 3.46 (±2.4) × 10−2 | 3.60 (±2.0) × 10−2 | 6.41 (±6.8) × 10−2 | 2.38 (±2.4) × 10−2 | 3.52 (±1.3) × 10−2 | 2.09 (±1.8) × 10−2 | 5.71 (±5.3) × 10−2 | 7.65 (±1.7) × 10−3 |
isoamyl acetate | 2.06 (±2.0) × 10−1 | 6.20 (±5.4) × 10−3 | 6.50 (±2.5) × 10−1 | 4.57 (±1.4) × 10−3 | 5.81 (±0.8) × 10−1 | 1.88 (±0.7) × 10−3 | 4.32 (±3.7) × 10−1 | 3.57 (±1.3) × 10−3 |
ethyl caproate | 3.84 (±3.8) × 10−2 | 1.98 (±0.1) × 10−3 | 1.91 (±0.4) × 10−2 | 2.67 (±1.5) × 10−3 | 6.57 (±1.2) × 10−2 | 8.71 (±7.2) × 10−4 | 4.19 (±3.5) × 10−2 | 8.93 (±4.2) × 10−4 |
hexyl acetate | 2.71 (±2.3) × 10−3 | 3.37 (±5.8) × 10−5 | 3.91 (±2.0) × 10−3 | 6.43 (±1.1) × 10−5 | 3.91 (±0.5) × 10−3 | n.d. | 3.25 (±2.4) × 10−3 | n.d. |
1-Octanol | 1.72 (±1.6) × 10−2 | 1.24 (±1.0) × 10−3 | 4.71 (1.4) × 10−2 | 1.81 (±2.7) × 10−3 | 6.37 (±4.3) × 10−2 | 6.09 (±1.0) × 10−4 | 2.39 (±2.2) × 10−2 | 3.74 (±4.3) × 10−4 |
nonanal | 2.83 (±2.9) × 10−3 | 1.50 (±1.2) × 10−3 | 2.64 (±4.1) × 10−2 | 2.73 (±3.4) × 10−3 | 1.07 (±1.3) × 10−2 | 2.60 (±1.4) × 10−3 | 1.53 (±0.8) × 10−3 | 3.38 (±2.4) × 10−3 |
ethyl octanoate | 3.24 (±3.5) × 10−1 | 1.89 (±1.5) × 10−2 | 6.61 (±1.3) × 10−1 | 2.20 (±1.5) × 10−2 | 4.03 (±0.2) × 10−1 | 1.62 (±1.5) × 10−2 | 3.34 (±3.1) × 10−1 | 4.80 (±3.3) × 10−2 |
ethyl decanoate | 3.27 (±3.4) × 10−1 | 2.15 (±1.8) × 10−2 | 4.42 (±0.7) × 10−1 | 2.21 (±1.9) × 10−2 | 4.06 (±0.6) × 10−1 | 1.15 (±1.0) × 10−2 | 2.96 (±2.5) × 10−1 | 3.31 (±2.2) × 10−2 |
Day 7 | American Ale | Belgian Abby | British Ale | American Wheat | ||||
Compound | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum |
ethyl butyrate | 1.28 (±0.46) × 10−1 | 8.87 (±8.2) × 10−3 | 1.40 (±0.6) × 10−1 | 6.37 (±6.6) × 10−3 | 6.50 (±6.0) × 10−2 | 2.52 (±0.9) × 10−3 | 7.97 (±9.5) × 10−2 | 9.89 (±3.9) × 10−3 |
butyl acetate | 5.76 (±1.0) × 10−2 | 5.12 (±1.7) × 10−2 | 4.38 (±2.1) × 10−2 | 3.28 (±3.6) × 10−2 | 7.91 (±1.7) × 10−2 | 4.37 (±1.1) × 10−2 | 5.08 (±3.9) × 10−2 | 1.60 (±1.2) × 10−2 |
isoamyl acetate | 5.06 (±3.82) × 10−1 | 1.35 (±3.6) × 10−2 | 1.27 (±1.5) | 9.21 (±1.1) × 10−3 | 7.84 (±5.6) × 10−1 | 1.45 (±4.1) × 10−2 | 1.05 (±1.1) | 3.39 (±1.7) × 10−2 |
ethyl caproate | 1.74 (±1.6) × 10−1 | 8.55 (±9.2) × 10−3 | 7.34 (±4.5) × 10−1 | 5.68 (±7.0) × 10−3 | 1.12 (±2.0) × 10−1 | 4.44 (±1.7) × 10−3 | 1.84 (±2.0) × 10−1 | 2.06 (±1.2) × 10−2 |
hexyl acetate | 3.02 (±4.9) × 10−3 | 1.79 (±2.5) × 10−4 | 1.14 (±1.5) × 10−1 | 1.74 (±3.8) × 10−4 | 3.70 (±4.0) × 10−3 | 2.18 (±7.8) × 10−4 | 1.91 (±1.5) × 10−2 | 4.44 (±4.8) × 10−4 |
1-Octanol | 4.22 (±4.2) × 10−2 | 5.15 (±(3.1) × 10−3 | 1.28 (±1.6) × 10−1 | 3.58 (±2.6) × 10−3 | 4.75 (±5.0) × 10−2 | 1.44 (±0.1) × 10−3 | 1.38 (±2.1) × 10−1 | 1.93 (±2.2) × 10−3 |
nonanal | 2.47 (±1.3) × 10−2 | 3.55 (±3.3) × 10−3 | 1.27 (±1.9) × 10−2 | 3.95 (±6.6) × 10−3 | 4.65 (±1.4) × 10−1 | 3.28 (±1.0) × 10−3 | 1.64 (±1.8) × 10−3 | 2.51 (±2.0) × 10−3 |
ethyl octanoate | 3.60 (±3.6) × 10−1 | 1.56 (±2.5) × 10−1 | 9.45 (±1.3) × 10−1 | 5.87 (±7.4) × 10−2 | 3.86 (±3.4) × 10−1 | 7.27 (±6.1) × 10−2 | 1.52 (±2.1) | 3.80 (±3.9) × 10−1 |
ethyl decanoate | 2.25 (±2.0) × 10−1 | 6.32 (±9.5) × 10−2 | 7.65 (±7.2) × 10−1 | 3.15 (±4.1) × 10−2 | 3.48 (±1.0) × 10−1 | 5.39 (±4.4) × 10−2 | 7.87 (±1.0) × 10−1 | 1.80 (±1.9) × 10−1 |
Day 14 | American Ale | Belgian Abby | British Ale | American Wheat | ||||
Compound | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum | Barley | Sorghum |
ethyl butyrate | 9.54 (±0.5) × 10−2 | 4.09 (±2.4) × 10−3 | 2.19 (±1.0) × 10−1 | 6.65 (±4.2) × 10−3 | 8.57 (±5.2) × 10−2 | 7.06 (±3.4) × 10−3 | 1.15 (±1.0) × 10−1 | 1.28 (±1.3) × 10−1 |
butyl acetate | 5.99 (±9.0) × 10−2 | 4.18 (±2.8) × 10−2 | 4.54 (±0.3) × 10−2 | 3.60 (±1.6) × 10−2 | 6.61 (±3.3) × 10−2 | 2.97 (±1.4) × 10−2 | 5.48 (±3.1) × 10−2 | 3.42 (±3.6) × 10−1 |
isoamyl acetate | 1.21 (0.0006) | 1.59 (±1.6) × 10−2 | 2.37 (±1.1) | 1.15 (±0.7) × 10−2 | 1.37 (±0.8) | 4.34 (±3.1) × 10−2 | 1.49 (±1.3) | 4.77 (±5.0) × 10−1 |
ethyl caproate | 3.62 (±0.0043) × 10−1 | 6.27 (±5.1) × 10−3 | 1.06 (±0.3) | 7.06 (±4.0) × 10−3 | 2.50 (±1.7) × 10−1 | 1.30 (±0.8) × 10−2 | 2.66 (±2.3) × 10−1 | 4.60 (±5.0) × 10−1 |
hexyl acetate | 7.09 (±2.5) × 10−3 | 1.73 (±2.1) × 10−4 | 1.43 (±0.4) × 10−2 | 3.80 (±6.5) × 10−4 | 1.31 (±0.7) × 10−2 | 3.33 (±5.7) × 10−4 | 1.08 (±0.9) × 10−2 | 1.67 (±1.9) × 10−4 |
1-Octanol | 1.43 (±0.022) × 10−1 | 2.32 (±1.6) × 10−3 | 2.38 (±0.3) × 10−1 | 2.67 (±2.4) × 10−3 | 1.78 (±1.2) × 10−1 | 1.74 (±3.1) × 10−3 | 1.28 (±1.1) × 10−1 | n.d. |
nonanal | 3.89 (±8.4) × 10−3 | 5.74 (±5.3) × 10−3 | 4.90 (±0.03) × 10−3 | 6.63 (±2.2) × 10−3 | 9.83 (±1.2) × 10−3 | 7.61 (±4.4) × 10−3 | 4.30 (±3.5) × 10−3 | 2.33 (±2.0) × 10−3 |
ethyl octanoate | 1.69 (±0.0029) | 4.02 (±2.7) × 10−2 | 3.35 (±0.1) | 7.43 (±5.3) × 10−2 | 1.57 (±0.6) | 1.36 (±1.2) × 10−1 | 2.17 (±1.8) | 7.91 (±5.7) × 10−2 |
ethyl decanoate | 1.11 (±0.0071) | 2.24 (±1.9) × 10−2 | 2.87 (±0.1) | 4.14 (±4.3) × 10−2 | 1.62 (±0.4) | 7.41 (±5.7) × 10−2 | 1.57 (±1.3) | 2.81 (±1.7) × 10−2 |
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Budner, D.; Carr, J.; Serafini, B.; Tucker, S.; Dieckman-Meyer, E.; Bell, L.; Thompson-Witrick, K.A. Targeted Study of the Effect of Yeast Strain on Volatile Compounds Produced in Sorghum Beer. Foods 2024, 13, 3626. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223626
Budner D, Carr J, Serafini B, Tucker S, Dieckman-Meyer E, Bell L, Thompson-Witrick KA. Targeted Study of the Effect of Yeast Strain on Volatile Compounds Produced in Sorghum Beer. Foods. 2024; 13(22):3626. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223626
Chicago/Turabian StyleBudner, Drew, Joseph Carr, Brett Serafini, Samantha Tucker, Elisabeth Dieckman-Meyer, Lindsey Bell, and Katherine A. Thompson-Witrick. 2024. "Targeted Study of the Effect of Yeast Strain on Volatile Compounds Produced in Sorghum Beer" Foods 13, no. 22: 3626. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223626
APA StyleBudner, D., Carr, J., Serafini, B., Tucker, S., Dieckman-Meyer, E., Bell, L., & Thompson-Witrick, K. A. (2024). Targeted Study of the Effect of Yeast Strain on Volatile Compounds Produced in Sorghum Beer. Foods, 13(22), 3626. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223626