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Article

Unified Method for Target and Non-Target Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Fruit Juices by Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

by
Mireya Granados-Povedano
,
Irene Domínguez
,
Francisco Egea-González
,
Antonia Garrido Frenich
and
Francisco Javier Arrebola
*
Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2023, 12(4), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040739
Submission received: 21 December 2022 / Revised: 12 January 2023 / Accepted: 30 January 2023 / Published: 8 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Food Analytical Methods)
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Abstract

A new polyvalent wide-scope analytical method, valid for both raw and processed (juices) fruits, combining target and non-target strategies, has been developed and validated to determine low concentrations of 260 pesticides, as well as many potential non-target substances and metabolites. The target approach has been validated according to SANTE Guide requirements. Trueness, precision, linearity, and robustness values were validated in raw fruit (apple) and juice (apple juice) as representative solid and liquid food commodities. Recoveries were between 70–120% and two ranges of linearity were observed: 0.5–20 μg kg−1 (0.5–20 μg L−1 apple juice) and 20–100 μg kg−1 (20–100 μg L−1 apple juice). The limits of quantification (LOQs) reached were lower than 0.2 μg kg−1 in apple (0.2 μg L−1 apple juice) in most cases. The developed method, based on QuEChERS extraction followed by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), achieves part-per-trillions lower limits, which allowed the detection of 18 pesticides in commercial samples. The non-target approach is based on a retrospective analysis of suspect compounds, which has been optimized to detect up to 25 additional compounds, increasing the scope of the method. This made it possible to confirm the presence of two pesticide metabolites which were not considered in the target screening, phtamlimide and tetrahydrophthalimide.
Keywords: GC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS; juices; fruits; ultra-trace analysis; pesticide residues; retrospective analysis GC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS; juices; fruits; ultra-trace analysis; pesticide residues; retrospective analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Granados-Povedano, M.; Domínguez, I.; Egea-González, F.; Garrido Frenich, A.; Arrebola, F.J. Unified Method for Target and Non-Target Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Fruit Juices by Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2023, 12, 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040739

AMA Style

Granados-Povedano M, Domínguez I, Egea-González F, Garrido Frenich A, Arrebola FJ. Unified Method for Target and Non-Target Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Fruit Juices by Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Foods. 2023; 12(4):739. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040739

Chicago/Turabian Style

Granados-Povedano, Mireya, Irene Domínguez, Francisco Egea-González, Antonia Garrido Frenich, and Francisco Javier Arrebola. 2023. "Unified Method for Target and Non-Target Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Fruit Juices by Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry" Foods 12, no. 4: 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040739

APA Style

Granados-Povedano, M., Domínguez, I., Egea-González, F., Garrido Frenich, A., & Arrebola, F. J. (2023). Unified Method for Target and Non-Target Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Fruit Juices by Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Foods, 12(4), 739. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040739

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