Using Front-Face Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Biochemical Analysis of Honey to Assess a Marker for the Level of Varroa destructor Infestation of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Solutions
2.2. Samples
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Determination of V. destructor Infestation Rates
2.3.2. Melissopalynological Analysis
2.3.3. Determination of the Catalase Activity in Honey Samples
2.3.4. Determination of Diastase Activity in Honey Samples
2.3.5. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TotPhC)
2.3.6. Determination of Total Protein Content (TotPrC)
2.3.7. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Data Analysis and Modelling of Spectral Features
2.4.2. PARAFAC
2.4.3. Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Emission Spectra and PARAFAC
3.2. Correlation Analysis of Spectral, Biochemical, and Melissopalynological Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Infestation | Catalase | Diastase | TotPrC | TotPhC | Pro/Phe | Phe/Pro | PFC1 | PFC2 | PFC3 | PFC1/PFC3 | PFC3/PFC1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infestation | 1.000 | 0.936 | 0.406 | −0.047 | −0.108 | 0.003 | −0.036 | 0.656 | 0.513 | 0.608 | 0.061 | −0.184 |
Catalase | 1.000 | 0.308 | 0.160 | 0.049 | 0.104 | −0.154 | 0.753 | 0.672 | 0.662 | 0.223 | −0.272 | |
Diastase | 1.000 | 0.160 | 0.499 | −0.271 | 0.298 | 0.706 | 0.606 | 0.700 | −0.035 | −0.080 | ||
TotPrC | 1.000 | 0.653 | 0.648 | −0.583 | 0.476 | 0.563 | 0.452 | 0.129 | −0.066 | |||
TotPhC | 1.000 | −0.149 | 0.221 | 0.590 | 0.728 | 0.414 | 0.466 | −0.425 | ||||
Pro/Phe | 1.000 | −0.984 | 0.003 | −0.035 | 0.180 | −0.377 | 0.416 | |||||
Phe/Pro | 1.000 | 0.004 | 0.040 | −0.181 | 0.376 | −0.440 | ||||||
PFC1 | 1.000 | 0.938 | 0.907 | 0.276 | −0.310 | |||||||
PFC2 | 1.000 | 0.753 | 0.521 | −0.486 | ||||||||
PFC3 | 1.000 | −0.131 | 0.115 | |||||||||
PFC1/PFC3 | 1.000 | −0.941 | ||||||||||
PFC3/PFC1 | 1.000 |
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Stanković, M.; Prokopijević, M.; Šikoparija, B.; Nedić, N.; Andrić, F.; Polović, N.; Natić, M.; Radotić, K. Using Front-Face Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Biochemical Analysis of Honey to Assess a Marker for the Level of Varroa destructor Infestation of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies. Foods 2023, 12, 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030629
Stanković M, Prokopijević M, Šikoparija B, Nedić N, Andrić F, Polović N, Natić M, Radotić K. Using Front-Face Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Biochemical Analysis of Honey to Assess a Marker for the Level of Varroa destructor Infestation of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies. Foods. 2023; 12(3):629. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030629
Chicago/Turabian StyleStanković, Mira, Miloš Prokopijević, Branko Šikoparija, Nebojša Nedić, Filip Andrić, Natalija Polović, Maja Natić, and Ksenija Radotić. 2023. "Using Front-Face Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Biochemical Analysis of Honey to Assess a Marker for the Level of Varroa destructor Infestation of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies" Foods 12, no. 3: 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030629