Prevalence of Salmonella in Eggs from Conventional and Cage-Free Egg Production Systems and the Role of Consumers in Reducing Household Contamination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Egg Samples
2.2. Isolation and Identification of Salmonella
2.3. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
2.4. Salmonella Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) Analysis
2.5. Survey Implementation
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Salmonella in Eggs from Different Production Systems
3.2. Phenotypic and Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Isolates
3.3. Home Egg Management and Food Safety
4. Discussion
5. Future Perspective and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age of Respondent | Conventional Production System N (%) | Alternative Production System N (%) | Irrelevant N (%) | Do Not Know N (%) | χ2 * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–29 | 2 (2) | 38 (38.8) | 49 (50) | 9 (9.2) | 0.257 |
30–59 | 6 (2.9) | 84 (41) | 99 (48.3) | 16 (7.8) | |
≥60 | 7 (8.5) | 35 (42.7) | 32 (39) | 8 (9.8) | |
Total | 15 (3.9) | 157 (40.8) | 180 (46.8) | 33(8.6) |
Question | Age of Respondent | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | χ2 * | Cramer’s V Test ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Do you buy cracked or dirty eggs? | 18–29 | 25 (25.5) | 73 (74.5) | 0.006 | 0.164 |
30–59 | 43 (21) | 162 (79) | |||
≥60 | 6 (7.3) (−) | 76 (92.7) (+) | |||
Total | 74 (19.2) | 311 (80.8) | |||
Do you clean or wash the eggs before storage? | 18–29 | 25 (25.5) | 73 (74.5) | 0.013 | 0.150 |
30–59 | 41 (20) (−) | 164 (80) (+) | |||
≥60 | 30 (36.6) (+) | 52 (63.4) (−) | |||
Total | 96 (24.9) | 289 (75) |
Age of Respondent | Refrigerator Door N (%) | Inside of the Refrigerator N (%) | Room Temperature N (%) | χ2 * |
---|---|---|---|---|
18–29 | 41 (41.8) | 24 (24.5) | 33 (33.7) | 0.4 |
30–59 | 72 (35.1) | 72 (35.1) | 61 (29.8) | |
≥60 | 28 (34.1) | 27 (32.9) | 27 (32.9) | |
Total | 141 (36.6) | 123 (31.9) | 121 (31.4) |
Question | Age of Respondent | Yes N (%) | χ2 * |
---|---|---|---|
Do you consume foods containing raw or undercooked eggs prepared at home? | 18–29 | 40 (40.8) | 0.433 |
30–59 | 78 (38) | ||
≥60 | 38 (46.3) | ||
Total | 156 (40.5) | ||
Do you think proper cooking of eggs could prevent foodborne illness? | 18–29 | 95 (96.9) | N/A ** |
30–59 | 200 (97.6) | ||
≥60 | 77 (93.9) | ||
Total | 372 (96.6) |
Age of Respondent | Restaurants N (%) | Food Trucks N (%) | Street Food N (%) | Household N (%) | Other N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–29 | 5 (5.6) | 6 (6.7) | 72 (80.9) | 6 (6.7) | 0 (0) |
30–59 | 15 (8.4) | 16 (9) | 137 (77) | 9 (5.1) | 1 (0.6) |
≥60 | 11 (16.9) | 7 (10.8) | 45 (69.2) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) |
Total | 31 (9.3) | 29 (8.7) | 254 (76.5) | 16 (4.8) | 2 (0.6) |
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Solís, D.; Cordero, N.; Quezada-Reyes, M.; Escobar-Astete, C.; Toro, M.; Navarrete, P.; Reyes-Jara, A. Prevalence of Salmonella in Eggs from Conventional and Cage-Free Egg Production Systems and the Role of Consumers in Reducing Household Contamination. Foods 2023, 12, 4300. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234300
Solís D, Cordero N, Quezada-Reyes M, Escobar-Astete C, Toro M, Navarrete P, Reyes-Jara A. Prevalence of Salmonella in Eggs from Conventional and Cage-Free Egg Production Systems and the Role of Consumers in Reducing Household Contamination. Foods. 2023; 12(23):4300. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234300
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolís, Doina, Ninoska Cordero, Maritza Quezada-Reyes, Carla Escobar-Astete, Magaly Toro, Paola Navarrete, and Angélica Reyes-Jara. 2023. "Prevalence of Salmonella in Eggs from Conventional and Cage-Free Egg Production Systems and the Role of Consumers in Reducing Household Contamination" Foods 12, no. 23: 4300. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234300