Lipid Process Markers of Durum Wheat Debranning Fractions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Samples
2.3. Lipid Extraction
2.4. Fatty Acid Analysis
2.5. Tocochromanol Analysis
2.6. Sterol Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Lipid Content
3.2. Fatty Acids
3.3. Tocochromanol Determination
3.4. Sterols
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Italian Durum Wheat | Canadian Durum Wheat | |
---|---|---|
Whole Grain | I-WG | C-WG |
3% Debranned Grain | I-DG3 | C-DG3 |
3% Debranning By-product | I-DB3 | C-DB3 |
6% Debranned Grain | I-DG6 | C-DG6 |
6% Debranning By-product | I-DB6 | C-DB6 |
9% Debranned Grain | I-DG9 | C-DG9 |
9% Debranning By-product | I-DB9 | C-DB9 |
12% Debranned Grain | I-DG12 | C-DG12 |
12% Debranning By-product | I-DB12 | C-DB12 |
15% Debranned Grain | I-DG15 | C-DG15 |
15% Debranning By-product | I-DB15 | C-DB15 |
C16:0 | C18:0 | C18:1c9 | C18:2n6 | C18:3n3 | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-WG | 16.0 ± 0.0 eB | 1.2 ± 0.0 eA | 18.8 ± 0.1 abB | 55.7 ± 0.1 eA | 4.9 ± 0.0 dA | 3.4 ± 0.1 aA |
I-DG3 | 16.7 ± 0.0 dA | 1.6 ± 0.0 dB | 17.9 ± 0.0 cdB | 56.8 ± 0.0 cA | 4.8 ± 0.0 eA | 2.3 ± 0.0 bB |
I-DB3 | 16.8 ± 0.0 dA | 1.2 ± 0.0 eB | 17.9 ± 0.2 cdB | 55.6 ± 0.0 eB | 5.8 ± 0.0 bA | 2.7 ± 0.2 bA |
I-DG6 | 17.1 ± 0.0 cA | 2.0 ± 0.0 bA | 19.0 ± 0.2 aB | 54.7 ± 0.1 fB | 4.6 ± 0.0 fA | 2.5 ± 0.1 bA |
I-DB6 | 14.9 ± 0.0 gB | 0.9 ± 0.0 gB | 18.0 ± 0.1 cB | 57.6 ± 0.1 bA | 5.8 ± 0.0 aA | 2.7 ± 0.2 bA |
I-DG9 | 16.8 ± 0.0 dA | 1.8 ± 0.0 cB | 17.8 ± 0.0 dB | 56.4 ± 0.0 dA | 4.7 ± 0.0 eA | 2.6 ± 0.0 bA |
I-DB9 | 14.3 ± 0.0 hB | 0.9 ± 0.0 gB | 18.3 ± 0.0 bcB | 58.3 ± 0.1 aA | 5.8 ± 0.0 abA | 2.5 ± 0.0 bA |
I-DG12 | 17.4 ± 0.0 bA | 1.8 ± 0.0 cB | 17.4 ± 0.2 dB | 56.2 ± 0.0 dB | 4.6 ± 0.0 fA | 2.5 ± 0.1 bA |
I-DB12 | 15.4 ± 0.0 fA | 1.1 ± 0.0 fB | 18.2 ± 0.1 cB | 57.4 ± 0.0 bA | 5.4 ± 0.0 cA | 2.4 ± 0.1 bA |
I-DG15 | 18.3 ± 0.0 aA | 2.2 ± 0.0 aA | 15.8 ± 0.2 eB | 56.5 ± 0.1 cdB | 4.6 ± 0.0 fA | 2.5 ± 0.0 bA |
I-DB15 | 14.1 ± 0.0 iB | 1.1 ± 0.0 fB | 18.8 ± 0.1 abB | 58.0 ± 0.1 aA | 5.5 ± 0.0 cA | 2.5 ± 0.0 bA |
C-WG | 16.6 ± 0.0 dA | 1.8 ± 0.0 cA | 20.2 ± 0.2 abA | 55.0 ± 0.0 eB | 3.8 ± 0.0 eB | 2.6 ± 0.2 aB |
C-DG3 | 16.5 ± 0.0 dB | 1.8 ± 0.0 cA | 19.1 ± 0.1 bcA | 55.6 ± 0.0 dB | 3.7 ± 0.0 fB | 2.5 ± 0.0 abcA |
C-DB3 | 15.9 ± 0.0 fB | 1.4 ± 0.1 eA | 19.9 ± 0.0 dA | 56.1 ± 0.1 cA | 4.8 ± 0.0 aB | 2.6 ± 0.0 aA |
C-DG6 | 16.6 ± 0.0 dB | 1.9 ± 0.0 bB | 19.7 ± 0.1 cA | 56.0 ± 0.0 cA | 3.6 ± 0.0 gA | 2.2 ± 0.1 cB |
C-DB6 | 16.2 ± 0.0 eA | 1.6 ± 0.0 dA | 19.2 ± 0.1 dA | 56.0 ± 0.1 cB | 4.4 ± 0.0 bB | 2.6 ± 0.0 aA |
C-DG9 | 16.7 ± 0.0 cA | 2.0 ± 0.0 abA | 19.2 ± 0.1 dA | 56.1 ± 0.1 cA | 3.5 ± 0.0 hB | 2.5 ± 0.0 abA |
C-DB9 | 15.9 ± 0.0 fA | 1.6 ± 0.0 dA | 19.7 ± 0.0 cA | 56.2 ± 0.1 cB | 4.4 ± 0.0 cB | 2.3 ± 0.0 bcA |
C-DG12 | 17.1 ± 0.0 aB | 2.0 ± 0.0 aA | 18.5 ± 0.1 eA | 56.5 ± 0.0 bA | 3.4 ± 0.0 iB | 2.4 ± 0.1 abcA |
C-DB12 | 14.8 ± 0.0 gB | 1.6 ± 0.0 dA | 19.8 ± 0.0 bcA | 57.0 ± 0.0 aB | 4.3 ± 0.1 cB | 2.4 ± 0.0 abcA |
C-DG15 | 17.0 ± 0.0 bB | 2.0 ± 0.0 aB | 18.5 ± 0.1 eA | 56.8 ± 0.0 bA | 3.4 ± 0.0 iB | 2.3 ± 0.0 abcA |
C-DB15 | 15.9 ± 0.0 fA | 1.6 ± 0.0 dA | 20.4 ± 0.1 aA | 55.5 ± 0.0 dB | 4.0 ± 0.0 dB | 2.5 ± 0.0 abcA |
α-Tocopherol | α-Tocotrienol | β-Tocopherol | γ-Tocopherol | β-Tocotrienol | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-WG | 77.3 ± 0.4 abA | 36.4 ± 0.3 cdA | 14.7 ± 0.7 cA | 2.1 ± 0.3 bA | 71.1 ± 2.3 cdA | 201.6 ± 4.1 bcA |
I-DG3 | 73.1 ± 0.8 bcA | 55.0 ± 3.7 aA | 21.2 ± 1.7 abA | n.d. | 97.2 ± 6.2 bA | 246.5 ± 10.8 aA |
I-DB3 | 80.3 ± 7.3 abA | 35.5 ± 0.8 cdA | 27.2 ± 0.9 aA | 4.9 ± 0.8 aA | 56.4 ± 0.9 eA | 204.3 ± 10.7 bcA |
I-DG6 | 67.3 ± 0.3 cdA | 52.1 ± 1.2 aA | 16.0 ± 2.0 bA | n.d. | 110.2 ± 0.4 aA | 245.6 ± 3.3 aA |
I-DB6 | 87.2 ± 2.5 aA | 32.2 ± 0.5 dB | 20.1 ± 0.3 bA | 2.5 ± 0.0 bB | 54.9 ± 0.5 eB | 196.9 ± 3.8 cA |
I-DG9 | 54.9 ± 0.8 cefA | 39.9 ± 0.4 bcB | 12.8 ± 0.2 cdA | n.d. | 89.9 ± 1.2 bA | 197.5 ± 2.6 cB |
I-DB9 | 65.0 ± 3.1 deA | 39.4 ± 1.4 bcB | 12.1 ± 0.1 deA | 2.7 ± 0.0 bB | 67.7 ± 1.6 dB | 186.9 ± 6.0 cA |
I-DG12 | 38.0 ± 1.8 fB | 41.2 ± 1.8 bB | 8.2 ± 0.2 efB | n.d. | 79.6 ± 0.3 cB | 167.0 ± 3.8 dB |
I-DB12 | 61.8 ± 0.4 eA | 38.1 ± 0.4 bcB | 11.5 ± 0.1 deA | 2.3 ± 0.3 bB | 68.1 ± 0.1 dB | 181.8 ± 0.5 cB |
I-DG15 | 45.5 ± 2.3 fA | 42.9 ± 1.7 bA | 14.4 ± 1.6 cA | n.d. | 118.5 ± 2.2 aA | 221.3 ± 7.9 bA |
I-DB15 | 67.2 ± 0.2 cdA | 33.5 ± 0.2 eA | 14.5 ± 0.3 cB | n.d. | 49.0 ± 0.2 fB | 164.2 ± 0.2 dB |
C-WG | 56.7 ± 1.0 cdeB | 26.6 ± 0.4 fB | 12.2 ± 0.2 cB | 1.8 ± 0.1 dA | 50.9 ± 1.2 fB | 148.2 ± 0.4 eB |
C-DG3 | 53.8 ± 2.0 deB | 38.2 ± 1.1 deB | 11.0 ± 0.8 dB | n.d. | 77.2 ± 0.3 dB | 180.2 ± 4.2 dB |
C-DB3 | 67.5 ± 0.5 aB | 28.8 ± 0.5 fB | 11.4 ± 0.1 dB | 3.0 ± 0.2 cB | 35.5 ± 0.6 gB | 146.2 ± 1.9 eB |
C-DG6 | 50.7 ± 2.0 eB | 48.6 ± 0.6 bB | 14.7 ± 0.0 bcB | n.d. | 76.8 ± 0.4 dB | 190.8 ± 3.0 cB |
C-DB6 | 64.8 ± 0.3 bB | 43.4 ± 0.6 cdeA | 14.6 ± 1.6 bB | 6.6 ± 1.1 aA | 67.2 ± 0.7 eA | 196.6 ± 0.2 cA |
C-DG9 | 56.1 ± 0.6 cdeA | 45.8 ± 1.0 bcA | 12.0 ± 0.2 bcA | n.d. | 94.2 ± 2.2 cA | 208.1 ± 0.8 bA |
C-DB9 | 62.0 ± 0.2 bcA | 45.0 ± 2.1 bcA | 12.5 ± 0.4 cA | 4.3 ± 0.1 bA | 73.3 ± 0.3 dA | 197.1 ± 2.8 cA |
C-DG12 | 58.1 ± 2.3 cdA | 58.5 ± 0.6 aA | 12.0 ± 0.7 cdA | n.d. | 137.0 ± 1.3 bA | 265.6 ± 1.0 aA |
C-DB12 | 63.6 ± 1.3 bA | 46.6 ± 0.2 bA | 11.4 ± 0.4 dA | 4.7 ± 0.2 bA | 76.4 ± 1.4 dA | 202.7 ± 0.6 cA |
C-DG15 | 42.7 ± 2.3 fA | 40.3 ± 0.9 dA | 11.4 ± 0.4 dB | n.d. | 107.8 ± 1.8 aB | 202.2 ± 3.9 cB |
C-DB15 | 63.1 ± 2.1 bA | 35.3 ± 1.1 eA | 18.4 ± 1.6 aA | 6.9 ± 0.9 aA | 74.8 ± 1.1 dA | 198.5 ± 2.7 cA |
Campesterol | Campestanol | Stigmasterol | β-Sitosterol | Sitostanol | Δ5-Avenasterol | Avenastanol | Δ7-Avenasterol | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-WG | 358.7 ± 1.8 cdA | 275.3 ± 3.5 bA | 45.7 ± 3.0 cdeA | 788.8 ± 2.0 cA | 220.7 ± 3.0 bcA | 117.5 ± 2.3 bcB | 12.0 ± 0.1 abB | 31.1 ± 0.0 abB | 1849.8 ± 2.1 dA |
I-DG3 | 288.1 ± 0.3 eB | 177.2 ± 1.5 eB | 35.0 ± 1.5 deA | 673.6 ± 4.0 fB | 142.0 ± 1.9 eB | 101.4 ± 2.0 dB | 13.0 ± 0.8 abB | 23.7 ± 0.8 bcdB | 1454.0 ± 5.7 hB |
I-DB3 | 394.5 ± 3.6 abA | 235.5 ± 0.6 cB | 80.4 ± 0.4 aB | 749.4 ± 9.4 dB | 208.2 ± 1.5 cdB | 108.3 ± 1.2 cdB | 12.0 ± 1.4 abB | 29.1 ± 2.0 abcdB | 1817.4 ± 13.4 eB |
I-DG6 | 370.0 ± 3.6 cA | 263.1 ± 4.4 bB | 40.5 ± 2.3 cdeA | 815.2 ± 2.6 bB | 217.7 ± 1.5 bcB | 116.4 ± 0.3 bcB | 9.5 ± 0.8 bB | 33.7 ± 6.2 aB | 1866.1 ± 2.2 dB |
I-DB6 | 406.3 ± 7.3 aA | 334.0 ± 0.6 aA | 75.9 ± 0.2 abB | 890.1 ± 3.7 aB | 287.6 ± 0.3 aB | 133.1 ± 0.1 abB | 13.8 ± 0.1 abB | 34.2 ± 0.2 aB | 2175.0 ± 16.5 aB |
I-DG9 | 297.5 ± 8.4 eA | 269.5 ± 9.4 bB | 32.8 ± 3.1 deA | 713.5 ± 11.0 eB | 222.4 ± 0.7 bcB | 110.2 ± 2.5 cB | 11.1 ± 2.1 abB | 20.5 ± 1.4 dB | 1677.5 ± 76.6 gB |
I-DB9 | 387.7 ± 1.2 bA | 267.6 ± 3.1 bB | 66.0 ± 3.9 bA | 792.7 ± 1.3 cB | 233.9 ± 12.9 bB | 110.8 ± 1.6 cB | 12.5 ± 2.2 abB | 32.1 ± 1.9 abB | 1903.3 ± 6.9 cB |
I-DG12 | 351.6 ± 0.5 dA | 277.7 ± 2.0 bB | 39.2 ± 2.8 cdeA | 813.8 ± 3.2 bB | 235.5 ± 1.0 bB | 114.8 ± 1.6 cB | 11.7 ± 1.8 abB | 21.2 ± 1.1 cdB | 1865.5 ± 54.3 dB |
I-DB12 | 388.7 ± 2.8 bA | 327.0 ± 3.7 aB | 65.4 ± 2.5 bA | 872.8 ± 5.8 aB | 285.9 ± 12.6 aB | 140.1 ± 11.5 aB | 16.0 ± 4.7 abB | 30.7 ± 1.4 abcB | 2126.6 ± 7.5 aB |
I-DG15 | 303.1 ± 1.9 eA | 225.3 ± 1.0 dB | 38.7 ± 5.3 eA | 670.5 ± 0.2 daB | 187.2 ± 0.7 dB | 102.5 ± 3.4 dB | 14.0 ± 0.6 abB | 22.8 ± 1.7 bcdB | 1564.1 ± 32.7 fB |
I-DB15 | 351.3 ± 6.0 dA | 337.7 ± 1.4 aB | 50.0 ± 1.6 cB | 877.6 ± 16.4 fB | 291.7 ± 10.2 aB | 140.3 ± 5.9 aB | 18.8 ± 3.5 aB | 26.1 ± 3.4 abcdB | 2093.5 ± 6.6 bB |
C-WG | 251.3 ± 1.4 dB | 216.7 ± 1.5 dB | 32.5 ± 0.1 eB | 689.0 ± 3.1 eB | 233.8 ± 0.6 eA | 186.6 ± 0.2 hA | 27.7 ± 1.9 eA | 42.5 ± 1.0 cA | 1680.1 ± 3.0 gB |
C-DG3 | 308.6 ± 1.8 bA | 221.8 ± 3.3 dA | 39.6 ± 1.1 dA | 792.8 ± 8.1 dA | 229.2 ± 3.7 eA | 176.1 ± 3.0 hA | 22.1 ± 2.9 eA | 48.4 ± 0.9 bcA | 1838.6 ± 7.2 fA |
C-DB3 | 349.2 ± 0.6 aB | 304.5 ± 4.5 cA | 90.4 ± 1.2 aA | 879.5 ± 0.2 cA | 335.6 ± 1.0 dA | 251.5 ± 0.1 dA | 43.4 ± 2.1 bcdA | 52.7 ± 1.7 abcA | 2306.8 ± 20.7 bA |
C-DG6 | 333.0 ± 6.5 bB | 294.4 ± 1.8 cA | 39.9 ± 1.1 dA | 881.3 ± 3.7 cA | 315.7 ± 1.6 dA | 216.1 ± 0.9 fgA | 35.2 ± 0.1 deA | 58.0 ± 4.8 abA | 2173.6 ± 27.1 dA |
C-DB6 | 364.4 ± 3.2 aB | 335.4 ± 4.1 bA | 82.8 ± 0.9 bA | 983.5 ± 9.0 aA | 382.0 ± 0.6 bA | 289.2 ± 2.1 bA | 44.7 ± 1.1 abcA | 55.9 ± 5.2 abcA | 2537.9 ± 11.7 aA |
C-DG9 | 290.2 ± 1.3 cA | 290.6 ± 2.0 cA | 33.0 ± 0.2 eA | 818.6 ± 14.6 dA | 321.5 ± 6.0 dA | 211.3 ± 4.6 gA | 39.8 ± 2.7 cdA | 50.4 ± 1.0 bcA | 2055.4 ± 57.4 eA |
C-DB9 | 324.7 ± 0.4 bB | 330.0 ± 10.3 bA | 63.6 ± 1.8 cA | 886.3 ± 20.8 bcA | 365.2 ± 10.0 cA | 269.6 ± 11.2 cA | 36.0 ± 1.7 dA | 55.2 ± 3.5 abcA | 2330.6 ± 34.6 bA |
C-DG12 | 315.4 ± 8.6 bB | 316.8 ± 7.1 bcA | 40.4 ± 1.6 dA | 879.7 ± 7.9 cA | 349.2 ± 4.2 cdA | 232.2 ± 2.7 efA | 42.6 ± 0.9 bcA | 48.8 ± 7.1 bcA | 2225.1 ± 15.7 cA |
C-DB12 | 349.4 ± 7.3 aB | 363.2 ± 4.3 aA | 63.1 ± 0.9 cA | 973.0 ± 6.6 aA | 405.5 ± 5.2 aA | 299.9 ± 0.9 abA | 51.6 ± 1.1 aA | 61.9 ± 3.3 abA | 2567.6 ± 34.2 aA |
C-DG15 | 314.5 ± 5.8 bA | 302.2 ± 0.3 cA | 36.5 ± 0.2 deA | 923.2 ± 2.1 bA | 360.7 ± 0.5 cA | 243.7 ± 4.3 deA | 43.6 ± 0.4 bcA | 51.1 ± 3.8 bcA | 2275.5 ± 41.3 cA |
C-DB15 | 355.9 ± 3.2 aA | 367.9 ± 13.4 aA | 62.5 ± 0.9 cA | 1002.0 ± 5.4 aA | 419.0 ± 9.6 aA | 310.4 ± 0.3 aA | 48.7 ± 3.2 abA | 67.0 ± 0.7 aA | 2633.4 ± 3.4 aA |
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Marzocchi, S.; Messia, M.C.; Marconi, E.; Caboni, M.F.; Pasini, F. Lipid Process Markers of Durum Wheat Debranning Fractions. Foods 2023, 12, 3036. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163036
Marzocchi S, Messia MC, Marconi E, Caboni MF, Pasini F. Lipid Process Markers of Durum Wheat Debranning Fractions. Foods. 2023; 12(16):3036. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163036
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzocchi, Silvia, Maria Cristina Messia, Emanuele Marconi, Maria Fiorenza Caboni, and Federica Pasini. 2023. "Lipid Process Markers of Durum Wheat Debranning Fractions" Foods 12, no. 16: 3036. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163036
APA StyleMarzocchi, S., Messia, M. C., Marconi, E., Caboni, M. F., & Pasini, F. (2023). Lipid Process Markers of Durum Wheat Debranning Fractions. Foods, 12(16), 3036. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163036