Optimization of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT7 from Chinese Paocai
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Strains and Microorganism Activation
2.3. Screening of GABA-Producing LAB
2.4. Measurement of GABA Content
- X—The content of GABA in the test;
- Ax—Peak area of GABA in test solution;
- As—Peak area of the GABA standard;
- Ci—The concentration of the GABA standard, expressed in (mg/L);
- Vi—Dilution ratio of test product solution.
2.5. OFAT Strategy for GABA Optimization
2.6. Experimental Design
2.7. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of GABA-Producing Lp. plantarum
3.2. Single-Parameter Analysis
3.2.1. Effect of Culture Temperature on the Production of GABA by Lp. plantarum FRT7
3.2.2. Effect of Incubation Time on the Production of GABA by Lp. plantarum FRT7
3.2.3. Effect of Inoculum Volume on the Production of GABA by Lp. plantarum FRT7
3.2.4. Effect of Initial pH on the Production of GABA by Lp. plantarum FRT7
3.2.5. Effect of Initial MSG Addition on the Production of GABA by Lp. plantarum FRT7
3.2.6. Effect of PLP Addition Concentration on the Production of GABA by Lp. plantarum FRT7
3.3. Analysis of RSM
3.3.1. Further Optimization of the Key Factors by RSM
3.3.2. Response Surface Methodology
3.3.3. Verification of the Fitted Model and Optimum Point
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | |
(A) culture temperature (°C) | 37 | 40 | 42 |
(B) incubation time (h) | 36 | 48 | 60 |
(C) inoculum volume (%) | 3 | 4 | 5 |
(D) initial pH | 6.5 | 7 | 7.5 |
(E) MSG concentration (%) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
(F) PLP concentration (mmol/L) | 1 | 2 | 4 |
Run | Culture Temperature (℃) | Incubation Time (h) | Inoculum Volume (%) | pH | MSG Concentration (%) | PLP Concentration (mmol/L) | Actual GABA (mg/L) | Predicted GABA (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 495.79 ± 14.03 | 553.98 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 604.77 ± 35.52 | 541.36 |
3 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 551.66 ± 24.03 | 532.39 |
4 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 555.92 ± 37.05 | 581.63 |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1179.39 ± 24.98 | 1162.04 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1190.21 ± 39.01 | 1162.04 |
7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 274.63 ± 17.05 | 328.61 |
8 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 193.7 ± 25.15 | 209.39 |
9 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 586.33 ± 41.55 | 555.86 |
10 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 406.06 ± 16.24 | 442.59 |
11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 263.19 ± 16.35 | 265.71 |
12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1148.86 ± 32.07 | 1162.04 |
13 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 540.41 ± 45.10 | 536.74 |
14 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 455.2 ± 15.09 | 450.41 |
15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 200.08 ± 19.79 | 236.79 |
16 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 390.07 ± 13.20 | 374.07 |
17 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 611.71 ± 41.66 | 588.47 |
18 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 559.62 ± 27.21 | 566.96 |
19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1186.71 ± 32.45 | 1162.04 |
20 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 509.63 ± 40.5 | 503.59 |
21 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 332.41 ± 9.15 | 345.78 |
22 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 568.81 ± 26.12 | 618.39 |
23 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 619.11 ± 25.88 | 554.47 |
24 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 412.36 ± 20.89 | 482.92 |
25 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 427.09 ± 16.12 | 446.94 |
26 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 412.6 ± 19.98 | 437.65 |
27 | 1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 173.84 ± 3.96 | 168.84 |
28 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 545.36 ± 27.21 | 548.49 |
29 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 318.78 ± 25.07 | 328.54 |
30 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 472.55 ± 7.89 | 509.02 |
31 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 430.75 ± 11.20 | 354.04 |
32 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 690.45 ± 45.23 | 701.70 |
33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 313.76 ± 21.00 | 325.62 |
34 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 202.99 ± 15.51 | 249.66 |
35 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 715.84 ± 30.22 | 732.72 |
36 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 304.53 ± 29.28 | 319.99 |
37 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 179.55 ± 3.35 | 94.22 |
38 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 456.94 ± 12.47 | 509.49 |
39 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 434.32 ± 20.58 | 337.51 |
40 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 217.31 ± 15.19 | 241.11 |
41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1100.2 ± 31.24 | 1162.04 |
42 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 351.1 ± 5.89 | 377.85 |
43 | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 393.89 ± 21.30 | 361.32 |
44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1166.85 ± 25.60 | 1162.04 |
45 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 667.84 ± 15.09 | 626.83 |
46 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 654.79 ± 21.34 | 589.02 |
47 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 613.66 ± 35.04 | 620.93 |
48 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 438.92 ± 27.39 | 463.40 |
49 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 512.22 ± 35.71 | 489.21 |
50 | −1 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 557.01 ± 20.72 | 520.61 |
51 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 663.17 ± 35.81 | 652.88 |
52 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 495.99 ± 29.11 | 531.79 |
53 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 416.65 ± 13.45 | 430.26 |
54 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 663.43 ± 27.82 | 617.00 |
Source | SS | DF | MS | F Value | Prob > F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 3.66 × 106 | 27 | 1.36 × 105 | 44.66 | <0.0001 | significant |
A-A | 3.02 × 105 | 1 | 3.02 × 105 | 99.31 | <0.0001 | |
B-B | 1.14 × 105 | 1 | 1.14 × 105 | 37.48 | <0.0001 | |
C-C | 8553.77 | 1 | 8553.77 | 2.82 | 0.1053 | |
D-D | 15,477.24 | 1 | 15,477.24 | 5.09 | 0.0326 | |
E-E | 13,662.24 | 1 | 13,662.24 | 4.5 | 0.0437 | |
F-F | 39,770.41 | 1 | 39,770.41 | 13.09 | 0.0013 | |
AB | 4171.04 | 1 | 4171.04 | 1.37 | 0.2519 | |
AC | 12,676.3 | 1 | 12,676.3 | 4.17 | 0.0513 | |
AD | 772.84 | 1 | 772.84 | 0.25 | 0.6183 | |
AE | 0.15 | 1 | 0.15 | 4.89 × 10-5 | 0.9945 | |
AF | 3960.95 | 1 | 3960.95 | 1.3 | 0.2639 | |
BC | 136.21 | 1 | 136.21 | 0.045 | 0.834 | |
BD | 1165.24 | 1 | 1165.24 | 0.38 | 0.5411 | |
BE | 17,677.7 | 1 | 17,677.7 | 5.82 | 0.0232 | |
BF | 18,705.65 | 1 | 18,705.65 | 6.16 | 0.0199 | |
CD | 634.57 | 1 | 634.57 | 0.21 | 0.6515 | |
CE | 4.64 | 1 | 4.64 | 1.53 × 10-3 | 0.9691 | |
CF | 3485.72 | 1 | 3485.72 | 1.15 | 0.294 | |
DE | 472.94 | 1 | 472.94 | 0.16 | 0.6964 | |
DF | 5511.98 | 1 | 5511.98 | 1.81 | 0.1896 | |
EF | 24,935.91 | 1 | 24,935.91 | 8.21 | 0.0081 | |
A^2 | 1.50 × 106 | 1 | 1.50 × 106 | 493.91 | <0.0001 | |
B^2 | 6.72 × 105 | 1 | 6.72 × 105 | 221.19 | <0.0001 | |
C^2 | 2.44 × 105 | 1 | 2.44 × 105 | 80.2 | <0.0001 | |
D^2 | 3.23 × 105 | 1 | 3.23 × 105 | 106.3 | <0.0001 | |
E^2 | 2.68 × 105 | 1 | 2.68 × 105 | 88.07 | <0.0001 | |
F^2 | 8.26 × 105 | 1 | 8.26 × 105 | 271.95 | <0.0001 | |
Residual | 78,991.76 | 26 | 3038.14 | |||
Lack of Fit | 73,267.54 | 21 | 3488.93 | 3.05 | 0.1097 | not significant |
Pure Error | 5724.21 | 5 | 1144.84 | |||
Cor Total | 3.74 × 106 | 53 |
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Cai, H.; Li, X.; Li, D.; Liu, W.; Han, Y.; Xu, X.; Yang, P.; Meng, K. Optimization of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT7 from Chinese Paocai. Foods 2023, 12, 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163034
Cai H, Li X, Li D, Liu W, Han Y, Xu X, Yang P, Meng K. Optimization of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT7 from Chinese Paocai. Foods. 2023; 12(16):3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163034
Chicago/Turabian StyleCai, Hongying, Xuan Li, Daojie Li, Weiwei Liu, Yunsheng Han, Xin Xu, Peilong Yang, and Kun Meng. 2023. "Optimization of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Production by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT7 from Chinese Paocai" Foods 12, no. 16: 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163034