Latest Trends in Sustainable Polymeric Food Packaging Films
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Novel Materials for Food Packaging Films: Biopolymers and Additives
3. Main Methods Used in the Production of Bio-Based Films
4. Three-Dimensional Printing of Food Packaging and Films
4.1. Vat Photopolymerization
4.2. Material Jetting
4.3. Powder Bed Fusion
4.4. Material Extrusion
5. Perspectives on AM in the Production of Bio-Based Films
5.1. Vat Photopolymerization and Material Jetting
5.2. Powder Bed Fusion
5.3. Material Extrusion
6. Limitations of 3D Printing in the Production of Films
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Main Characteristics |
---|---|
Solution casting | The film-forming solution is cast on a surface (e.g., a Petri dish), appropriately dried, and the formed film is peeled off; It is the simplest method for film preparation; The conditions used are relatively mild; It is time-consuming; It is limited to lab scale; |
Coating | The film-forming solution is directly applied onto the food by means of dipping, spraying, or brushing and dried afterwards in appropriate conditions; Often applied on fresh food; Materials must be of food grade if the coating is meant to be eaten; Some applications in the food industry (mostly wax coatings); |
Layer-by-layer assembly | Based on the deposition of alternating layers; Deposition can be achieved either by submersion in or spraying the film-forming solutions on the food; Potential for industrial applications, though currently it is mostly limited to lab scale; |
Extrusion | The mixture containing the biopolymer is poured into an extruder system, which produces a uniform film at the end of the process; Faster and less energy-demanding than the solution casting method; Produces films with superior mechanical and thermal properties; Conditions may be aggressive for biopolymers; Can be scaled up for industrial settings; |
Methodology | Aim | Used Biopolymers | Other Components | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Casting | Effect of chitosan molecular weight on film performance | Chitosan | - | Improved preservation abilities; Improved performance with high chitosan weights/contents | [29] |
Influence of chitosan molecular weight on the film properties | Chitosan + bacterial cellulose | Curcumin | Improved performance with high chitosan weights/contents | [30] | |
Develop a multifunctional food packaging film | Chitosan | Alizarin | pH-responsive film (4–10 range); Improved thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and UV-blocking properties | [31] | |
Effect of a starch source on the performance of edible starch-based films | Starch (tapioca, rice, potato, and wheat) | - | Tapioca, potato, and rice starch had better mechanical strength and less color difference | [32] | |
Production of biodegradable cellulose/alginate films | Cellulose, alginate, and carrageenan | - | Films showed weight loss of up to 50% after 60 days buried in soil; Activity against E. coli, Pseudomonas syringae, and S. aureus strains | [33] | |
Develop UV absorbent films | Polylactic acid | Grape syrup | High UV absorption property | [34] | |
Develop functional bio-hydrogel films for food packaging | Alginate, agar, and collagen | Grapefruit seed extract Silver NPs | Improved mechanical properties; High UV screening; Strong antimicrobial activity: prevents greening of fresh potatoes | [35] | |
Study the influence of nano-SiO2 concentration on the properties of the films | Agar + alginate | Silicon oxide NPs | Improved mechanical properties | [36] | |
Evaluated the effect of fatty acid chain length on the properties of edible films | Basil seed gum-based | Caprylic, lauric, and palmitic acids | Improved barrier properties; Improved mechanical properties (lauric and caprylic acids) | [37] | |
Develop intelligent films for food packaging | Gellan gum and soy protein | Clitoria ternatea extract | pH-responsive (3–11 range); Bacteriostatic activity | [38] | |
Evaluate the influence of the concentration of the extract on the properties of films | Starch | Red cabbage extract | Antioxidant activity; Significantly increased food shelf life (meat) | [17] | |
Develop a composite film and evaluate its activity as primary food packaging for fresh poultry | Chitosan | Rosemary essential oil and montmo-rillonite | Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; Improved barrier properties; Films were able to retard lipid peroxidation (poultry) | [19] | |
Develop a film with mesoporous silica NPs loaded with clove essential oil | Polylactic acid | Clove essential oil and silica NPs | Antimicrobial activity; Controlled the release of the active compound | [16] | |
Coating and solvent casting | Develop a film-forming formulation and compare the effects of different applications (coating, wrapping, and direct application of active compounds) on food | Alginate and cellulose | Ziziphora essential oil, apple peel extract, and zinc oxide nanoparticles | Coating showed the lowest bacterial population and best sensory attributes among the studied methodologies | [39] |
Investigate the potential of cranberry extract as an antibiofilm additive for a chitosan-based film | Chitosan | Cranberry extract | Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities | [18] | |
Coating | Develop a superhydrophobic food-grade coating | - | Candelilla and rice bran waxes | Highly hydrophobic coating; Excellent coating resistance to physical damage | [40] |
LBL and coating | Compare the effects of coatings by means of LBL and standard coating | Chitosan; Cellulose | - | Single-layer and LBL coatings had positive effects on strawberry conservation; LBL coating showed better performance at reducing firmness and volatile compound loss | [41] |
LBL | Development of a bilayered chitosan/FucoPo film | Chitosan and FucoPol | - | Improved gas barrier towards O2 and CO2 in comparison with monolayer film | [42] |
Prepare and characterize an antibacterial film | Chitosan and modified polyethylene | Hyaluronic acid | Excellent antibacterial activity; Improved degradability | [43] | |
LBL and solution casting | Evaluate the effects of preparation methods on the properties of the films | Chitosan and alginate | Ferulic acid | Crosslinked LBL films showed better results with improved mechanical, thermal, optical, and barrier properties | [44] |
Extrusion | Study the effect of nanofillers on extruded films | Chitosan and starch | Nanoclay and bamboo fibers | Improved mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties | [45] |
Investigate the effects of nanoclay contents and pH levels on the properties of the films | Soy protein | Nanoclay | Nanoclay addition improved mechanical and rheological properties; pH changes demonstrated to have positive effects on film properties | [46] | |
Evaluated the potential of the extrusion process and wax source on edible film properties | Rennet casein | Potassium sorbate; bee, candelilla, and carnauba waxes; | Beeswax had the best performance in terms of improving mechanical properties and hydrophobicity; Wax incorporation allowed a controlled release of potassium sorbate | [47] | |
Develop a composite film and evaluate its activity as primary food packaging for fresh minced meat | Starch | Sappan and cinnamon herbal extracts | Improved barrier properties; Reduced microbial counts; Preservation of redness of packaged meat | [15] |
AM Technology | Polymer/Active Compounds and Fillers | Proposed Application | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vat photo-polymeriza -tion | Guaiacol, vanillyl alcohol, and eugenol (acrylates) | Sustainable 3D-printing feedstock formulation | Good thermal and mechanical properties | [55] |
Silk fibroin (acrylate) | 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering applications | Improved mechanical properties | [56] | |
Powder bed fusion | Polylactide | Sustainable 3D-printing feedstock formulation | Good layer adhesion and good mechanical properties | [57] |
Polylactic acid/calcium carbonate | Tissue engineering | Good processability, mechanical properties, low melt viscosity, and small particle size | [58] | |
Hard keratin | Sustainable 3D-printing feedstock formulation | Weaker mechanical properties; Successful keratin incorporation/proce- ssing | [71] | |
Polyhydroxyalkanoate/akermanite | Tissue engineering | Improved water-uptake properties | [59] | |
Material extrusion | Lignin and polylactic acid | Wound healing | Good mechanical properties and stability; Successful incorporation of an antibiotic | [61] |
Polylactic acid and starch/coconut shell | Sustainable 3D-printing feedstock formulation | Improved thermal and mechanical properties | [62] | |
Chitosan/genipin | Wound healing | Good release rate of the active compound | [63] | |
Chitosan and starch/lemongrass essential oil and mulberry anthocyanin | Food packaging | Color-changing properties; Antibacterial effect | [64] | |
Chitosan/tea polyphenols and halloysite nanotubes | Food packaging | Good antioxidant and antibacterial activity; Improved mechanical properties | [65] | |
Bio-based plastic “Ecoflex”/silica–carbon–silver nanoparticles | Food packaging | Bacteriostatic effect | [67] | |
Gelatin/zinc oxide and clove essential oil | Food packaging | Improved mechanical properties and antibacterial activity | [68] | |
Chitosan and cellulose/blueberry anthocyanin and methylcyclopropene | Food packaging | Color changing properties and preservation ability | [69] | |
Polylactic acid (virgin and recycled) | Sustainable 3D-printing feedstock formulation | Improved both mechanical and thermal properties | [70] |
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Silva, E.G.S.; Cardoso, S.; Bettencourt, A.F.; Ribeiro, I.A.C. Latest Trends in Sustainable Polymeric Food Packaging Films. Foods 2023, 12, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010168
Silva EGS, Cardoso S, Bettencourt AF, Ribeiro IAC. Latest Trends in Sustainable Polymeric Food Packaging Films. Foods. 2023; 12(1):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010168
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Edilson G. S., Sara Cardoso, Ana F. Bettencourt, and Isabel A. C. Ribeiro. 2023. "Latest Trends in Sustainable Polymeric Food Packaging Films" Foods 12, no. 1: 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010168
APA StyleSilva, E. G. S., Cardoso, S., Bettencourt, A. F., & Ribeiro, I. A. C. (2023). Latest Trends in Sustainable Polymeric Food Packaging Films. Foods, 12(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010168