Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Rice Bran Extract Ameliorate Type I Interferon Production via STING Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. RRBE Preparation
2.2. Determination of the Total Flavonoid Content
2.3. Determination of the Total Phenolic Content
2.4. Determination of the Total Proanthocyanidin Content
2.5. Cell Culture
2.6. Determination of Cell Viability by the MTS Assay
2.7. Determination of Luciferase Activity
2.8. Determination of Mature Phenotypes Using Flow Cytometry
2.9. mRNA Expression Analysis
2.10. Determination of Cytokine Production
2.11. Determination of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production
2.12. Immunofluorescence
2.13. Determination of STING by Western Blot
2.14. In-Gel Digestion and Identification of Protein by Mass Spectrometry
2.15. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bioactive Contents of Rrice Bran Extract (RRBE)
3.2. Effects of RRBE on Cytotoxicity and the Production of Inflammatory Cytokines
3.3. Effects of RRBE on the Activation of RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells
3.4. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of RRBE on RAW 264.7 Cells via STING Signaling
3.5. Effect of RRBE in the Activated Macrophages Decreases the Phosphorylation of STING
3.6. RRBE Promotes the Anti-Inflammatory Production of IL-10 in Macrophages
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bioactive | Constituents |
---|---|
Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) | 51.9 ± 1.73 |
Total flavonoid content (mg Catechin/g) | 22.94 ± 2.62 |
Proanthocyanidins (mg Catechin/g) | 6.52 ± 0.90 |
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Onsa-Ard, A.; Thongboontho, R.; Munkong, N.; Phromnoi, K.; Ontawong, A.; Pengnet, S.; Thim-Uam, A. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Rice Bran Extract Ameliorate Type I Interferon Production via STING Pathway. Foods 2022, 11, 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111622
Onsa-Ard A, Thongboontho R, Munkong N, Phromnoi K, Ontawong A, Pengnet S, Thim-Uam A. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Rice Bran Extract Ameliorate Type I Interferon Production via STING Pathway. Foods. 2022; 11(11):1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111622
Chicago/Turabian StyleOnsa-Ard, Amnart, Rungthip Thongboontho, Narongsuk Munkong, Kanokkarn Phromnoi, Atcharaporn Ontawong, Sirinat Pengnet, and Arthid Thim-Uam. 2022. "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Rice Bran Extract Ameliorate Type I Interferon Production via STING Pathway" Foods 11, no. 11: 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111622