Optimisation of an Aglycone-Enhanced Celery Extract with Germinated Soy Supplementation Using Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of Plant Material
2.3. Extraction Procedure
2.4. Experimental Design and Model Verification
2.5. LC-MS/MS
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Extraction Optimisation of Apigetrin
3.2. Extraction Optimisation of Apigenin and Soy Aglycones
3.2.1. Validation of the Experimental Design
3.2.2. Analysis of the Response Surface
3.2.3. Optimisation Responses and Verification of the Model
3.2.4. Quantitation of Bioactive Compounds by LC-MS/MS Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Run | Parameters | Responses | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 (pH) | X2 (T, °C) | Y1, Apigenin (ng/mL Extract) | Y2, Daidzein (µg/mL Extract) | Y3, Genistein (µg/mL Extract) | ||||
Exp | Pred | Exp | Pred | Exp | Pred | |||
1 | 11.0 | 30.0 | 2.86 | −3.76 | 2.38 | 3.91 | 9.66 | 19.32 |
2 | 7.0 | 30.0 | 38.87 | 35.97 | 6.37 | 7.83 | 22.97 | 30.96 |
3 | 4.2 | 33.5 | 26.82 | 27.16 | 5.32 | 5.12 | 13.77 | 15.14 |
4 | 7.0 | 35.0 | 33.29 | 30.79 | 7.37 | 8.13 | 26.97 | 30.38 |
5 | 7.0 | 25.0 | 37.47 | 33.48 | 6.86 | 7.58 | 27.56 | 30.28 |
6 | 7.0 | 30.0 | 34.12 | 35.97 | 8.32 | 7.83 | 32.74 | 30.96 |
7 | 3.0 | 30.0 | 19.54 | 19.67 | 2.50 | 2.45 | 7.22 | 3.68 |
8 | 9.8 | 26.5 | 6.34 | 12.50 | 7.04 | 5.76 | 33.62 | 26.13 |
9 | 4.2 | 26.5 | 28.11 | 29.50 | 5.05 | 4.88 | 13.78 | 15.63 |
10 | 9.8 | 33.5 | 5.92 | 11.03 | 7.61 | 6.30 | 34.75 | 26.77 |
11 | 7.0 | 30.0 | 31.95 | 35.97 | 7.72 | 7.83 | 30.49 | 30.96 |
12 | 7.0 | 30.0 | 38.94 | 35.97 | 8.92 | 7.83 | 37.65 | 30.96 |
Responses | Apigenin (Y1) | Daidzein (Y2) | Genistein (Y3) |
---|---|---|---|
Model Parameters | |||
Second-order polynomial equation | −154.82 + 20.93 X1 + 8.79 X2 + 0.02 X1X2 − 1.75 X12 − 0.15 X22 | −6.92 + 4.02 X1 − 0.05 X2 + 0.01 X1X2 − 0.29 X12 + 0.0009 X22 | −59.46 + 18.13 X1 + 1.33 X2 + 0.03 X1X2 − 1.22 X12 − 0.03 X22 |
R2 | 0.915 | 0.788 | 0.706 |
R2 (adjusted) | 0.844 | 0.611 | 0.461 |
Lack of fit | 0.161 | 0.304 | 0.263 |
p | |||
Model | 0.004 | 0.048 | 0.115 |
X1 (pH) | 0.055 | 0.115 | 0.209 |
X2 (T, °C) | 0.424 | 0.984 | 0.932 |
X1X2 | 0.937 | 0.910 | 0.944 |
X12 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.019 |
X22 | 0.396 | 0.984 | 0.921 |
Responses | p | Predicted Value | Experimental Value |
---|---|---|---|
Apigenin (Y1) | 0.467 | 35.97 | 38.97 ± 5.83 |
Daidzein (Y2) | 0.201 | 7.83 | 6.90 ± 0.86 |
Genistein (Y3) | 0.499 | 30.96 | 27.90 ± 6.49 |
Compound | Concentration | ||
---|---|---|---|
Celery Extract (75% ETOH) | Celery Extract (0% ETOH) | Germinated Soy-Supplemented Celery Extract | |
Apigenin (ng/mL) | 3.17 ± 0.16 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 38.97 ± 5.83 |
Apigetrin (ng/mL) | 487.78 ± 11.58 | 183.88 ± 8.94 | 7.85 ± 1.25 |
Apiin (ng/mL) | 222.89 ± 11.78 | 167.36 ± 13.58 | 6.83 ± 0.75 |
Genistein (µg/mL) | - | - | 27.90 ± 6.49 |
Daidzein (µg/mL) | - | - | 6.90 ± 0.86 |
Genistin (µg/mL) | - | - | 3.34 ± 0.37 |
Daidzin (µg/mL) | - | - | 20.18 ± 1.80 |
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Lau, H.; Koh, H.M.; Dayal, H.; Ren, Y.; Li, S.F.Y. Optimisation of an Aglycone-Enhanced Celery Extract with Germinated Soy Supplementation Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods 2021, 10, 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102505
Lau H, Koh HM, Dayal H, Ren Y, Li SFY. Optimisation of an Aglycone-Enhanced Celery Extract with Germinated Soy Supplementation Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods. 2021; 10(10):2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102505
Chicago/Turabian StyleLau, Hazel, Hui Min Koh, Hiranya Dayal, Yi Ren, and Sam Fong Yau Li. 2021. "Optimisation of an Aglycone-Enhanced Celery Extract with Germinated Soy Supplementation Using Response Surface Methodology" Foods 10, no. 10: 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102505