Variation in Volatile Flavor Compounds of Cooked Mutton Meatballs during Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Cooked Mutton Meatballs Samples
2.3. Sensory Evaluation
2.4. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)
2.5. Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE)
2.6. Gas Chromatography−Olfactometry−Mass Spectrometry Analysis
2.7. Qualitative Analysis
2.8. Quantitative Analysis
2.9. Aroma Extraction Dilution Analysis
2.10. Odor Activity Value
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of SPME and SAFE Extraction Methods
3.2. Analysis of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Cooked Mutton Meatballs during Storage
3.3. Sensory Evaluation
3.4. PLSR (Partial Least Squares Regression) Analysis of Different Storage Times
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | RI | CAS No | Compounds | Perception | Identification Method | Relative Content (μg/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d | 30 d | 60 d | 90 d | ||||||
alcohol | |||||||||
1 | 1392 | 3391-86-4 | 1-Octen-3-ol | mushroom | RI/O/MS | 51.97 ± 12.88 a | 52.0 ± 17.94 a | 59.55 ± 52.29 ab | 37.19 ± 0.92 b |
2 | 1495 | 78-70-6 | Linalool | floral | RI/O/MS | 338.78 ± 17.45 a | 304.01 ± 58.97 b | 118.93 ± 59.61 c | 163.67 ± 11.19 d |
3 | 1542 | 619-62-5 | 1-methyl-4-(propan-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-ol | herbal | RI/MS | 51.90 ± 12.90 a | 40.1 ± 4.10 b | 8.67 ± 0.61 c | ND d |
4 | 1544 | 15537-55-0 | unknown | balsam | RI/MS | 333.72 ± 72.77 a | 262.57 ± 24.10 a | 57.87 ± 47.30 b | 34.88 ± 11.70 c |
5 | 1592 | 562-74-3 | Terpinen-4-ol | pepper woody earth musty sweet | RI/MS | 2538.45 ± 201.46 a | 2310.3 ± 523.04 b | 676.25 ± 590.84 c | 1197.41 ± 12.38 d |
6 | 1612 | 586-81-2 | p-menth-4(8)-en-1-ol | terpineol lilac | RI/O/MS | 35.26 ± 3.22 a | 39.4 ± 15.32 a | 52.14 ± 52.21 b | 33.25 ± 2.19 a |
7 | 1690 | 98-55-5 | p-menth-1-en-8-ol | pine, citrus, woody, floral | RI/MS | ND a | 441.54 ± 147.51 b | ND a | 218.86 ± 3.66 c |
8 | 1695 | 507-70-0 | ((1S)-endo)-(-)-borneol | pine, woody, camphor, balsamic | RI/MS | ND a | ND a | ND a | 43.72 ± 1.50 b |
9 | 1698 | 464-45-9 | L(-)-Borneol | pine, woody, camphor | RI/MS | 72.59 ± 8.79 a | 68.6 ± 15.78 b | ND a | ND a |
10 | 1753 | 106-22-9 | (-)-β-citronellol | floral, leather, waxy, rose, bud citrus | RI/MS | 26.83 ± 6.89 a | 27.9 ± 6.09 a | 6.05 ± 3.10 b | 11.22 ± 4.54 b |
11 | 1834 | 106-24-1 | Geraniol | waxy | RI/O/MS | 24.25 ± 7.75 a | 31.9 ± 9.48 b | 4.07 ± 1.93 c | ND c |
12 | 2073 | 639-99-6 | (1S,2S,4R)-(-)-α,α-dimethyl-1-vinyl-o-menth-8-ene-4-methanol | green, woody, spi-cy, rose | RI/MS | 10.08 ± 4.60 a | ND b | ND b | 2.49 ± 0.22 a |
Sulfur compound | |||||||||
13 | 871 | 870-23-5 | Allyl mercaptan | garlic, onion | RI/O/MS | 1307.61 ± 116.28 a | 1048.8 ± 109.27 a | 683.03 ± 171.19 b | 435.02 ± 37.73 c |
14 | 944 | 10152-76-8 | Allyl methyl sulfide | garlic, onion | RI/O/MS | 122.05 ± 11.25 a | 67.4 ± 8.54 b | 38.57 ± 11.95 c | 38.12 ± 6.46 c |
15 | 1126 | 592-88-1 | diallyl sulfide | sulfurous onion garlic horseradish metallic | RI/MS | 103.42 ± 42.97 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
16 | 1262 | 2179-58-0 | allyl methyl disulphide | garlic, onion | RI/O/MS | ND a | 75.9 ± 65.85 b | 315.58 ± 238.35 c | ND a |
17 | 1454 | 2179-57-9 | Diallyl disulfide | garlic, onion | RI/O/MS | 1115.71 ± 642.81 a | 1794.1 ± 397.58 b | 1069.36 ± 749.64 a | 824.12 ± 56.83 c |
18 | 1754 | 2050-87-5 | Diallyl trisulfide | garlic green onion metallic | RI/O/MS | 30.55 ± 8.51 a | 37.0 ± 10.14 a | 13.27 ± 3.79 b | ND c |
olefin | |||||||||
19 | 1013 | 80-56-8 | α-Pinene | pine | RI/O/MS | 1660 ± 46.03 a | 1040.2 ± 269.08 b | 764.83 ± 153.34 b | 842.45 ± 73.18 c |
20 | 1019 | 2867/5/2 | 3-Thujene | woody, green, herb | RI/MS | 2623.09 ± 449.39 a | 2321.4 ± 607.24 a | 1873.77 ± 263.03 b | 1103.67 ± 110.19 c |
21 | 1047 | 471-84-1 | unknown | camphor | RI/MS | 9 ± 0.42 a | 7.0 ± 3.53 b | 7.48 ± 1.42 b | 4.69 ± 0.40 a |
22 | 1101 | 3387-41-5 | Sabinene | woody, terpene, citrus, pine, spice | RI/MS | 4032.92 ± 3660.72 a | 3705.8 ± 232.28 b | 2189.24 ± 537.18 c | 3273.35 ± 39.60 b |
23 | 1141 | 123-35-3 | Myrcene | peppery terpene spicy balsam plastic | RI/MS | 2397.03 ± 134.08 a | 1704.6 ± 510.91 b | 1382.91 ± 214.23 c | 1485.10 ± 95.96 c |
24 | 1158 | 99-86-5 | p-mentha-1,3-diene | lemon | RI/O/MS | 1418.14 ± 256.37 a | 1131.9 ± 371.75 b | 1111.79 ± 152.95 b | 760.87 ± 40.85 c |
25 | 1188 | 555-10-2 | p-mentha-1(7),2-diene | terpentine | RI/O/MS | 2087.99 ± 118.32 a | 1667.5 ± 297.74 b | 1309.34 ± 185.19 c | 1293.51 ± 36.65 c |
26 | 1214 | 3779-61-1 | trans-Ocimene | sweet, herbal | RI/O/MS | 14.61 ± 4.02 a | 10.6 ± 7.94 a | 8.05 ± 2.22 b | ND c |
27 | 1233 | 3338-55-4 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | warm floral herb flower sweet | RI/MS | 64.4 ± 2.06 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
28 | 1244 | 100-42-5 | Styrene | sweet balsam floral plastic | RI/MS | 26.35 ± 10.64 a | 24.3 ± 6.64 a | 32.18 ± 8.15 b | 30.76 ± 9.50 b |
29 | 1418 | 18368-95-1 | p-menthatriene, p-mentha-1,3,8-triene | turpentine | RI/O/MS | 27.79 ± 8.32 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
30 | 1428 | 1195-32-0 | α,para-Dimethylstyrene | clove | RI/O/MS | 143.6 ± 21.5 a | 116.79 ± 32.31 b | 63.24 ± 36.96 c | 66.96 ± 2.25 c |
31 | 1540 | 13744-15-5 | cubebene | citrus, fruity | RI/MS | 5.52 ± 4.80 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
32 | 1553 | 469-61-4 | (-)-α-cedrene | woody | RI/O/MS | ND a | 8.7 ± 0.96 b | ND a | ND a |
33 | 1585 | 13474-59-4 | (E)-α-bergamotene | warm | RI/O/MS | 54.61 ± 2.72 a | 44.9 ± 11.66 a | 11.81 ± 1.08 b | 23.42 ± 3.84 c |
34 | 1591 | 515-13-9 | (-)-β-Elemene | sweet | RI/O/MS | 56.50 ± 3.18 a | 50.9 ± 6.94 a | 15.99 ± 0.55 b | 13.05 ± 3.57 b |
35 | 1638 | unknown | RI/MS | 17.21 ± 5.56 a | ND b | ND b | ND b | ||
36 | 1645 | 30021-74-0 | γ-muurolene | herbal | RI/O/MS | 8.30 ± 7.98 a | ND b | 6.27 ± 4.45 a | 26.15 ± 0.87 c |
37 | 1657 | 18794-84-8 | trans-β-Farnesene | woody, citrus, herbal, sweet | RI/MS | 21.60 ± 2.55 a | 23.4 ± 7.00 a | ND b | ND b |
38 | 1664 | unknown | RI/MS | ND a | 22.7 ± 9.95 b | ND a | ND a | ||
39 | 1718 | 495-60-3 | zingiberene | spice fresh sharp | RI/O/MS | 298.12 ± 37.39 a | 302.21 ± 64.91 a | 42.35 ± 8.71 b | 125.85 ± 28.22 c |
40 | 1726 | 495-61-4 | unknown | balsamic woody | RI/MS | 232.12 ± 20.91 a | 111.86 ± 96.97 b | 17.01 ± 2.20 c | 55.14 ± 3.50 d |
41 | 1739 | unknown | RI/MS | ND a | 65.3 ± 20.46 b | ND a | ND a | ||
42 | 1771 | 644-30-4 | unknown | herbal | RI/MS | 564.20 ± 14.56 a | 565.82 ± 137.26 a | 104.65 ± 12.08 b | 251.63 ± 22.28 c |
43 | 1837 | 483-77-2 | unknown | herb, spice | RI/MS | 59.89 ± 2.5 a | 32.3 ± 9.08 b | 9.49 ± 2.93 a | 24.29 ± 9.29 b |
aromatic | |||||||||
44 | 1029 | 108-88-3 | Toluene | sweet | RI/O/MS | 32.58 ± 8.15 a | 30.0 ± 3.47 a | 16.30 ± 3.34 b | 23.83 ± 1.23 c |
45 | 1207 | 95-63-6 | 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | plastic | RI/MS | 4.37 ± 2.07 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
46 | 1125 | 108-38-3 | m-Xylene | plastic | RI/O/MS | ND a | 8.4 ± 0.85 b | 6.37 ± 1.38 b | ND a |
47 | 1166 | 95-47-6 | o-Xylene | geranium | RI/O/MS | 3 ± 0.33 a | ND b | ND b | 8.80 ± 4.19 c |
48 | 1256 | 99-87-6 | p-Cymene | citrus | RI/O/MS | 1212.91 ± 176.4 a | 908.03 ± 224.20 b | 725.57 ± 507.91 c | 731.00 ± 3.31 d |
49 | 1358 | 95-93-2 | 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene | rancid sweet | RI/MS | 10.93 ± 3.16 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
50 | 1780 | 104-46-1 | Anethole | sweet anise licorice medicinal | RI/MS | 5.57 ± 1.93 a | 9.1 ± 2.38 b | 7.07 ± 2.75 a | ND c |
51 | 1701 | 90-12-0 | 1-Methylnaphthalene | naphthyl chemical medicinal camphor | RI/MS | ND a | 15.5 ± 5.39 b | ND a | 3.69 ± 0.89 a |
52 | 1846 | 91-57-6 | 2-Methylnaphthalene | sweet floral woody | RI/MS | 15.19 ± 4.93 a | 10.2 ± 5.30 a | 140.80 ± 18.86 b | ND c |
53 | 1870 | 94-59-7 | Safrole | spicy | RI/O/MS | 1183.47 ± 114.81 a | 1100.6 ± 363.06 a | 256.62 ± 40.63 b | 329.51 ± 2.18 b |
54 | 1944 | 120-58-1 | Isosafrole (Controlled Chemical) | sweet sassafrass spicy | RI/MS | 5.43 ± 2.67 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
55 | 2001 | 93-15-2 | 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene | sweet fresh warm spicy clove carnation cinnamon | RI/MS | 629.17 ± 45.82 a | 661.22 ± 183.00 a | ND b | 248.16 ± 9.78 c |
56 | 2146 | 607-91-0 | Myristicin | spicy warm balsamic woody | RI/MS | 927.43 ± 54.89 a | 973.65 ± 277.95 a | 185.01 ± 21.45 b | 328.50 ± 19.14 d |
57 | 2156 | 97-53-0 | Eugenol | sweet, clove | RI/O/MS | 51.19 ± 3.45 a | ND b | 14.63 ± 2.79 c | ND b |
58 | 2213 | 487-11-6 | 5-allyl-1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene | spice, flower | RI/MS | 553.06 ± 16.46 a | 607.01 ± 193.07 a | 118.76 ± 17.70 b | 242.12 ± 22.34 c |
aldehyde | |||||||||
59 | 964 | 110-62-3 | Valeraldehyde | fermented bready fruity nutty berry | RI/MS | ND a | ND a | ND a | 0.44 ± 0.10 b |
60 | 1071 | 66-25-1 | Hexanal | grass | RI/O/MS | 22.83 ± 4.33 a | 41.9 ± 5.29 b | 27.57 ± 3.41 a | 35.30 ± 5.15 c |
61 | 1172 | 111-71-7 | Heptanal | fresh, fatty, green, herbal | RI/MS | 7.85 ± 1.58 a | 39.4 ± 54.44 b | ND c | ND c |
62 | 1277 | 124-13-0 | Octanal | fatty | RI/O/MS | 25.12 ± 3.62 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
63 | 1384 | 124-19-6 | Nonanal | fresh | RI/O/MS | 298.49 ± 35.41 a | 274.60 ± 55.28 a | 104.22 ± 24.45 b | 121.14 ± 11.17 b |
64 | 1517 | 100-52-7 | Benzaldehyde | sharp, sweet, bitter, almond, cherry | RI/MS | 47.37 ± 6.55 a | 42.8 ± 2.00 a | 51.21 ± 60.18 b | 25.41 ± 0.87 c |
65 | 1769 | 122-03-2 | p-Isopropylbenzaldehyde | spicy, green, herbal | RI/MS | 2.98 ± 0.37 a | 2.6 ± 0.82 a | ND b | ND b |
ester | |||||||||
66 | 1345 | 103-09-3 | 2-Ethylhexyl acetate | earthy, herbal, undergrowth | RI/MS | 37.44 ± 6.73 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
67 | 1572 | 76-49-3 | Bornyl acetate | woody, pine, herbal, spice | RI/MS | 154.48 ± 10.13 a | 129.59 ± 37.71 a | 51.54 ± 3.52 b | 63.45 ± 4.45 b |
68 | 1619 | 110-38-3 | ethyl caprate | sweet, waxy, fruity, apple grape, oily, brandy | RI/MS | 19.08 ± 3.32 a | 32.3 ± 15.78 b | 8.53 ± 0.46 c | 9.12 ± 2.28 c |
69 | 1629 | 150-84-5 | Citronellyl acetate | green, rose, fruity, citrus, woody, fruit | RI/MS | 73.87 ± 3.22 a | 72.0 ± 28.66 a | 25.68 ± 2.39 b | 35.58 ± 6.76 c |
70 | 1665 | 80-26-2 | ( + /-)-α-terpinyl acetate | herbal, lavender, citrus | RI/MS | 310.29 ± 61.43 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
71 | 1711 | 141-12-8 | Neryl acetate | rose, soapy, citrus, pear | RI/MS | 64.97 ± 36.40 a | 60.4 ± 19.49 a | 10.03 ± 3.75 b | 20.19 ± 5.79 c |
ketone | |||||||||
72 | 856 | 67-64-1 | Acetone | solvent, ethereal, apple, pear | RI/MS | ND a | ND a | 5.10 ± 1.89 b | ND a |
73 | 1309 | 110-93-0 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | citrus, musty, | RI/O/MS | 36.76 ± 3.11 a | 27.9 ± 6.06 b | 44.99 ± 41.95 c | 16.56 ± 2.43 d |
74 | 1639 | 89-81-6 | Piperiton | herbal, minty, camphor, medicinal | RI/MS | ND a | 99.7 ± 151.32 b | ND c | ND c |
terpene | |||||||||
75 | 1048 | 79-92-5 | Camphene | camphor | RI/MS | ND a | ND a | 16.07 ± 13.69 b | 17.48 ± 0.12 b |
76 | 1088 | 127-91-3 | β-pinene | camphor | RI/O/MS | 179.37 ± 207.01 a | 1217.9 ± 169.21 b | 935.41 ± 166.65 c | 919.37 ± 57.82 c |
77 | 1124 | 13466-78-9 | 3-carene | pine | RI/O/MS | 337.9 ± 72.66 a | 284.22 ± 42.93 b | 294.13 ± 32.84 b | 213.76 ± 34.51 b |
78 | 1158 | 99-86-5 | p-mentha-1,3-diene | lemon | RI/O/MS | 1418.14 ± 256.37 a | 1131.9 ± 371.75 b | 1111.79 ± 152.95 b | 760.87 ± 40.85 c |
79 | 1178 | 5989-27-5 | ( + )-Limonene | citrus, orange, fresh, sweet | RI/MS | 212.14 ± 139.31 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
80 | 1186 | 138-86-3 | DL-Limonene | citrus, herbal, terpene, camphor | RI/MS | 158.36 ± 106.1 a | 1415.9 ± 1281.47 b | 1632.77 ± 233.11 b | 1644.62 ± 93.95 b |
81 | 1187 | 470-82-6 | Cineole | herbal | RI/O/MS | 127.86 ± 17.99 a | 540.02 ± 748.14 b | 123.76 ± 22.81 a | 65.99 ± 5.19 c |
82 | 1229 | 99-85-4 | p-mentha-1,4-diene | oily, woody, terpene, lemo, herbal | RI/MS | 2360.05 ± 356.15 a | 2033.6 ± 590.91 a | 1796.05 ± 251.18 b | 1161.38 ± 52.07 c |
83 | 1268 | 586-62-9 | terpinolene | camphor | RI/O/MS | 1084.81 ± 127.42 a | 209 ± 64.16 b | 433.93 ± 372.24 ab | 510.30 ± 29.11 c |
84 | 1459 | 17699-16-0 | (1α,2α,5α)-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo [3.1.0]hexan-2-ol | woody, balsam | RI/MS | 146.83 ± 20 a | 383.09 ± 32.25 b | 512.91 ± 583.52 c | NDd |
85 | 1495 | 3856-25-5 | (-)-α-copaene | woody, spicy, honey | RI/MS | 317.19 ± 29.09 a | 233.11 ± 68.25 a | 68.22 ± 48.39 b | NDc |
86 | 1604 | 87-44-5 | Caryophyllene | spice | RI/O/MS | 190.16 ± 20.13 a | 191.55 ± 56.34 a | 461.25 ± 545.27 b | 140.08 ± 2.22 c |
87 | 1648 | 118-65-0 | (-)-isocaryophyllene | woody, spicy | RI/MS | 4.31 ± 1.90 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
88 | 1677 | 6753-98-6 | α-humulene | woody | RI/MS | 59.70 ± 6.75 a | 50.2 ± 16.84 a | ND b | 9.18 ± 6.36 c |
89 | 1761 | 483-76-1 | unknown | thyme, woody, dry | RI/O/MS | 34.28 ± 1.42 a | 33.9 ± 9.08 a | 8.73 ± 1.25 b | 21.17 ± 4.87 c |
No | RI | CAS No | Compounds | Perception | Identification | Relative Content (μg/g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d | 30 d | 60 d | 90 d | ||||||
alcohol | |||||||||
1 | 1462 | 3391-86-4 | 1-Octen-3-ol | mushroom | MS/RI | ND b | ND b | 0.37 ± 0.16 a | ND b |
2 | 1554 | 89-79-2 | Isopulegol | minty, cooling | MS/RI | ND c | 0.24 ± 0.09 ab | 0.07 ± 0.02 a | 0.33 ± 0.13 b |
3 | 1559 | 78-70-6 | Linalool | citrus floral, rose | MS/RI/O/ | 0.40 ± 0.02 a | 1.52 ± 0.19 b | 1.22 ± 0.31 a | 3.81 ± 0.28 c |
4 | 1629 | 562-74-3 | Terpinen-4-ol | pepper, woody, earth, musty, sweet | MS/RI | 3.13 ± 0.12 a | 2.53 ± 0.40 b | 8.93 ± 1.97 c | 15.11 ± 1.19 d |
5 | 1721 | 98-55-5 | p-menth-1-en-8-ol | citrus | MS/RI/O/ | 0.33 ± 0.02 a | 1.61 ± 0.38 | 1.61 ± 0.38 b | 13.26 ± 0.39 c |
6 | 1729 | 507-70-0 | ((1S)-endo)-(-)-borneol | camphor | MS/RI/O/ | 0.10 ± 0.06 a | 3.54 ± 0.46 b | 0.55 ± 0.15 a | 3.23 ± 0.12 b |
7 | 1778 | 617-94-7 | 2-Phenyl-2-propanol | green, earthy | MS/RI/O/ | 0.70 ± 0.06 c | 7.13 ± 4.24 a | 1.48 ± 1.05 b | 11.32 ± 1.26 a |
8 | 1864 | 106-24-1 | Geraniol | rose, waxy, citrus | MS/RI/O/ | 0.91 ± 0.32 a | 1.03 ± 0.84 a | 0.20 ± 0.04 a | 1.23 ± 0.06 a |
9 | 1869 | 1197-01-9 | 2-p-Tolylpropan-2-ol | sweet, fruity, cherry, camphor | MS/RI | ND c | 3.81 ± 1.24 a | 0.83 ± 0.17 b | 0.29 ± 0.29 a |
Sulfur compound | |||||||||
10 | 1162 | 592-88-1 | Diallyl sulfide | sulfurous, onion, garlic | MS/RI | 1.24 ± 0.12 a | 0.08 ± 0.12 b | ND c | ND c |
11 | 1297 | 2179-58-0 | Allyl methyl disulphide | garlic, onion | MS/RI/O/ | 2.95 ± 0.03 a | 3.09 ± 0.54 a | 1.17 ± 0.25 b | 0.25 ± 0.08 a |
12 | 1503 | 2179-57-9 | Diallyl disulfide | onion, garlic | MS/RI/O/ | 9.67 ± 0.50 a | 7.09 ± 0.92 b | 7.22 ± 1.65 a | 1.60 ± 0.09 c |
olefin | |||||||||
13 | 1226 | 555-10-2 | p-mentha-1(7),2-diene | mint, terpentine | MS/RI | 2.53 ± 0.18 a | 9.65 ± 1.18 b | 7.71 ± 1.76 c | ND d |
14 | 1272 | 100-42-5 | Styrene | sweet, balsam, floral, plastic | MS/RI | 8.83 ± 0.56 a | 3.53 ± 0.72 b | 3.45 ± 0.74 c | 1.49 ± 0.19 d |
15 | 1458 | 1195-32-0 | Alpha, para-Dimethylstyrene | phenolic | MS/RI/O/ | ND c | 0.72 ± 0.26 a | 0.22 ± 0.05 b | ND c |
16 | 1582 | 13474-59-4 | (E)-α-bergamotene | woody, warm, tea | MS/RI | ND d | 0.18 ± 0.08 a | 0.70 ± 0.18 b | 2.22 ± 0.16 c |
17 | 1750 | 495-60-3 | Zingiberene | spice, sharp | MS/RI/O/ | 0.08 ± 0.03 a | 3.38 ± 0.37 a | 1.19 ± 0.22 b | 17.02 ± 1.08 c |
18 | 1757 | 495-61-4 | Unknown | balsamic, woody | MS/RI | ND d | 0.94 ± 0.14 b | 0.41 ± 0.08 a | 5.17 ± 0.60 c |
19 | 1054 | 108-88-3 | Toluene | paint | MS/RI | 44.31 ± 2.00 a | 15.57 ± 2.47 b | 39.11 ± 7.42 a | 1.01 ± 0.08 c |
20 | 1198 | 95-47-6 | o-Xylene | geranium | MS/RI | 1.91 ± 0.05 a | ND c | 0.85 ± 0.19 b | ND c |
21 | 1287 | 99-87-6 | p-Cymene | fresh, citrus, terpene, woody, spice | MS/RI | 0.83 ± 0.08 a | 2.15 ± 1.52 b | 2.44 ± 0.57 c | ND d |
22 | 1802 | 644-30-4 | 1-methyl-4-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)benzene | herbal | MS/RI | 0.42 ± 0.02 a | 3.58 ± 0.41 b | 1.37 ± 0.26 a | 13.57 ± 9.15 b |
23 | 1855 | 104-46-1 | Anethole | sweet, anise, licorice, medicinal | MS/RI | ND d | 0.54 ± 0.05 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 b | 0.70 ± 0.07 c |
24 | 1892 | 91-57-6 | 2-Methylnaphthalene | sweet, floral | MS/RI/O/ | ND d | 0.71 ± 0.27 a | 0.12 ± 0.04 b | 1.20 ± 0.16 c |
25 | 1906 | 94-59-7 | Safrole | sweet, warm, spicy, woody, floral | MS/RI | 1.36 ± 0.16 a | 7.37 ± 0.65 b | 4.87 ± 0.97 c | 11.68 ± 1.49 d |
26 | 2046 | 581-42-0 | 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene | grass | MS/RI | ND c | 0.71 ± 0.43 a | ND c | 0.42 ± 0.10 b |
27 | 2250 | 487-11-6 | 5-allyl-1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene | spice, flower | MS/RI/O/ | 0.41 ± 0.03 a | 5.20 ± 0.43 a | 2.19 ± 0.39 a | 10.06 ± 1.36 b |
28 | 2298 | 607-91-0 | myristicin | spicy, warm, balsamic, woody | MS/RI/O/ | 0.74 ± 0.05 a | 7.39 ± 0.61 b | 3.33 ± 0.56 a | 18.46 ± 2.39 c |
aldehyde | |||||||||
29 | 1095 | 66-25-1 | Hexanal | fresh, green, fatty, aldehydic, grass | MS/RI/O/ | 4.68 ± 0.20 a | 1.38 ± 0.23 b | 0.11 ± 0.02 c | 0.42 ± 0.12 c |
30 | 1411 | 124-19-6 | Nonanal | fresh | MS/RI/O/ | 0.95 ± 0.05 a | 0.61 ± 0.08 b | 0.39 ± 0.09 c | 2.37 ± 0.12 b |
31 | 1548 | 100-52-7 | Benzaldehyde | almond, cherry | MS/RI | 0.32 ± 0.07 a | 0.26 ± 0.05 b | 0.25 ± 0.08 a | ND c |
ester | |||||||||
32 | 912 | 141-78-6 | Ethyl acetate | fruity, sweet, green | MS/RI | 0.25 ± 0.19 c | 0.52 ± 0.15 a | 0.36 ± 0.09 b | ND d |
33 | 1044 | 2867-05--2 | Alpha-thujene | woody, green, herb | MS/RI | 1.75 ± 0.07 a | 1.28 ± 0.18 b | 0.92 ± 0.19 c | ND d |
34 | 1610 | 76-49-3 | Bornyl acetate | woody, pine, herbal, spice | MS/RI | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.79 ± 0.08 b | 0.42 ± 0.10 c | 4.07 ± 0.15 d |
35 | 1659 | 110-38-3 | Ethyl caprate | sweet, waxy, fruity | MS/RI | ND d | 0.63 ± 0.17 a | 0.10 ± 0.04 b | 0.90 ± 0.03 c |
36 | 1725 | 80-26-2 | (+/-)-α-terpinyl acetate | herbal, bergamot, lavender | MS/RI | 0.30 ± 0.09 a | 0.74 ± 0.12 b | 0.41 ± 0.09 a | 4.91 ± 0.23 c |
ketone | |||||||||
37 | 1679 | 98-86-2 | Acetophenone | sweet, pungent | MS/RI/O/ | 2.69 ± 0.16 a | 5.49 ± 0.72 b | 5.48 ± 1.22 c | 8.43 ± 0.16 ab |
terpene | |||||||||
38 | 1040 | 80-56-8 | α-pinene | pine, earthy, woody | MS/RI/O/ | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 17.61 ± 2.89 b | 10.81 ± 2.35 c | ND a |
39 | 1082 | 79-92-5 | Camphene | woody, camphor, terpenic | MS/RI | ND c | 0.68 ± 0.03 a | 0.11 ± 0.03 b | ND c |
40 | 1124 | 127-91-3 | β-pinene | pine, green | MS/RI/O/ | 10.22 ± 0.48 a | 17.46 ± 2.51 b | 14.47 ± 3.30 a | ND c |
41 | 1166 | 13466-78-9 | 3-carene | pine, woody | MS/RI/O/ | ND c | 2.52 ± 0.56 a | 2.03 ± 0.43 b | ND c |
42 | 1196 | 99-86-5 | p-mentha-1,3-diene | woody, lemon, herbal | MS/RI/O/ | 0.92 ± 0.08 a | 3.78 ± 0.82 b | 1.98 ± 0.43 a | ND a |
43 | 1216 | 5989-27-5 | (+)-Limonene | citrus, orange | MS/RI | 3.56 ± 0.14 a | 11.73 ± 1.66 b | 9.62 ± 2.27 c | ND d |
44 | 1264 | 99-85-4 | p-mentha-1,4-diene | woody, terpene | MS/RI/O/ | 3.70 ± 0.28 a | 6.89 ± 0.95 b | 5.06 ± 1.19 a | ND c |
45 | 1302 | 586-62-9 | terpinolene | pine, citrus | MS/RI/O/ | 0.94 ± 0.09 a | 3.21 ± 0.61 b | 2.35 ± 0.53 c | 0.41 ± 0.19 a |
46 | 1527 | 3856-25-5 | (-)-α-copaene | woody, spicy, honey | MS/RI | 0.28 ± 0.00 a | 0.82 ± 0.17 b | 0.82 ± 0.17 c | 10.31 ± 0.32 d |
47 | 1638 | 87-44-5 | Caryophyllene | sweet, woody, spice | MS/RI/O/ | 0.20 ± 0.01 a | 5.60 ± 0.19 b | 0.62 ± 0.14 c | 8.49 ± 0.24 d |
48 | 1710 | 6753-98-6 | α-Humulene | woody | MS/RI | ND b | 0.70 ± 0.24 a | 0.08 ± 0.04 b | 1.10 ± 0.28 a |
49 | 1763 | - | unknown | herbal, woody | MS/RI | ND c | 0.51 ± 0.13 a | 0.19 ± 0.04 b | 2.53 ± 0.57 a |
50 | 1935 | 128-37-0 | 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol | camphor | MS/RI/O/ | 5.26 ± 0.31 a | 9.81 ± 13.80 a | 3.19 ± 0.60 a | 18.12 ± 2.56 b |
51 | 2025 | 108-95-2 | Phenol | plastic, rubber | MS/RI | 0.13 ± 0.00 a | 0.12 ± 0.02 b | 0.09 ± 0.03 a | ND c |
52 | 2034 | 93-15-2 | 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene | sweet, fresh, | MS/RI | 0.55 ± 0.03 a | 7.72 ± 10.64 a | 2.90 ± 0.56 a | 11.01 ± 1.35 b |
53 | 2195 | 97-53-0 | Eugenol | sweet, spicy | MS/RI | 0.17 ± 0.06 a | 0.79 ± 0.10 b | 0.42 ± 0.09 a | 5.54 ± 0.25 c |
54 | 2325 | 96-76-4 | 2,4-Ditert-butylphenol | phenolic | MS/RI | 0.93 ± 0.06 b | 2.07 ± 0.10 c | 0.24 ± 0.09 a | 0.62 ± 0.34 ab |
other | |||||||||
55 | 1440 | 104-90-5 | 5-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine | nutty, strong | MS/RI | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | ND b | ND b | ND b |
56 | 1484 | 17699-16-0 | unknown | woody, balsam | MS/RI/O/ | 1.46 ± 0.11 a | 4.97 ± 0.7 b | 3.95 ± 0.96 c | 5.71 ± 0.38 c |
57 | 1647 | 107-92-6 | n-Butyric acid | cheesy | MS/RI/O/ | 0.92 ± 0.35 a | 1.43 ± 0.58 b | 0.10 ± 0.04 b | 0.90 ± 0.03 c |
58 | 1679 | 98-86-2 | Acetophenone | sweet, pungent | MS/RI/O/ | 2.69 ± 0.16 a | 5.49 ± 0.72 b | 5.48 ± 1.22 c | 8.43 ± 0.16 ab |
NO. | RI | CAS No | Compound | Odor | FD Factor | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d | 30 d | 60 d | 90 d | |||||
A1 | 871 | 870-23-5 | Allyl mercaptan | garlic | 243 | 81 | 9 | 9 |
A2 | 1187 | 470-82-6 | Cineole | mint | 3 | 9 | - | - |
A3 | 1392 | 3391-86-4 | 1-Octen-3-ol | mushroom | 9 | 9 | 9 | - |
A4 | 1495 | 78-70-6 | Linalool | floral | 27 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
A5 | 1834 | 106-24-1 | Geraniol | waxy | 27 | - | - | - |
A6 | 1262 | 2179-58-0 | allyl methyl disulphide | garlic, onion | - | 9 | - | - |
A7 | 1454 | 2179-57-9 | Diallyl Disulfide | onion garlic | 3 | 9 | 9 | - |
A8 | 1754 | 2050-87-5 | Diallyl trisulfide | garlic onion | 243 | 27 | 9 | 27 |
A9 | 1013 | 80-56-8 | α-pinene | pine | 27 | 9 | 1 | 1 |
A10 | 1088 | 127-91-3 | β-pinene | resin | 3 | 1 | 3 | - |
A11 | 1124 | 13466-78-9 | 3-carene | pine resin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
A12 | 1188 | 555-10-2 | p-mentha-1(7),2-diene | terpentine | 9 | - | - | - |
A13 | 1214 | 3779-61-1 | trans-Ocimene | sweet | - | 1 | 3 | 1 |
A14 | 1268 | 586-62-9 | terpinolene | pine | 243 | - | - | - |
A15 | 1418 | 18368-95-1 | p-menthatriene, p-mentha-1,3,8-triene | turpentine | 9 | - | - | - |
A16 | 1428 | 1195-32-0 | α,para-Dimethylstyrene | citrus | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
A17 | 1455 | 3856-25-5 | (-)-α-copaene | spicy | 27 | - | - | 9 |
A18 | 1591 | 515-13-9 | (-)-β-Elemene | sweet | 9 | 3 | 1 | - |
A19 | 1604 | 87-44-5 | Caryophyllene | spice | 3 | - | - | - |
A20 | 1761 | 483-76-1 | unknown | medicine | 9 | 9 | 1 | 9 |
A21 | 1256 | 99-87-6 | p-Cymene | citrus | - | - | 9 | 27 |
A22 | 1701 | 90-12-0 | 1-Methylnaphthalene | camphor | - | - | 3 | - |
A23 | 1944 | 120-58-1 | Isosafrole (Controlled Chemical) | sweet | 3 | 3 | 9 | 3 |
A24 | 2001 | 93-15-2 | 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene | clove | - | 9 | - | - |
A25 | 1619 | 110-38-3 | ethyl caprate | grape | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
A26 | 1639 | 110-93-0 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | mushroom | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
No. | RI | CAS No | Compounds | Odor | FD Factor | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d | 30 d | 60 d | 90 d | |||||
B1 | 1040 | 80-56-8 | α-pinene | pine | - | 3 | 3 | - |
B2 | 1166 | 13466-78-9 | 3-carene | resin | - | 3 | 1 | - |
B3 | 1196 | 99-86-5 | p-mentha-1,3-diene | lemon | - | 1 | 3 | - |
B4 | 1458 | 1195-32-0 | α,para-Dimethylstyrene | pine | - | 3 | 9 | - |
B5 | 1638 | 87-44-5 | Caryophyllene | spice | 3 | 27 | 9 | 1 |
B6 | 1750 | 495-60-3 | zingiberene | sharp | 1 | 3 | 1 | - |
B7 | 1095 | 66-25-1 | Hexanal | fat | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
B8 | 1297 | 2179-58-0 | allyl methyl disulphide | garlic | 9 | 3 | 81 | 3 |
B9 | 1503 | 2179-57-9 | Diallyl Disulfide | onion | 27 | 81 | 9 | 3 |
B10 | 2298 | 607-91-0 | myristicin | spicy | 1 | 3 | - | - |
B11 | 1559 | 78-70-6 | Linalool | floral | 3 | 3 | 9 | 3 |
B12 | 1721 | 98-55-5 | p-menth-1-en-8-ol | lilac | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
B13 | 1729 | 507-70-0 | ((1S)-endo)-(-)-borneol | camphor | - | 3 | - | - |
B14 | 1778 | 617-94-7 | 2-Phenyl-2-propanol | green | - | 3 | 1 | 1 |
B15 | 1864 | 106-24-1 | Geraniol | sweet | 9 | 9 | 9 | 3 |
B16 | 1484 | 17699-16-0 | unknown | balsam | 3 | 3 | 9 | 3 |
B17 | 1647 | 107-92-6 | n-Butyric acid | sharp | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
B18 | 1679 | 98-86-2 | Acetophenone | almond | - | 3 | 1 | - |
B19 | 1892 | 91-57-6 | 2-Methylnaphthalene | floral | - | - | 9 | 1 |
B20 | 2250 | 487-11-6 | 5-allyl-1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene | spice | - | 3 | - | 9 |
No. | CAS No | Compounds | Odor | OAV | Threshold Value (μg/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d | 30 d | 60 d | 90 d | |||||
1 | 470-82-6 | Cineole | Herbal, medicinal | 98.35 | 415.4 | 95.2 | 50.76 | 1.3 |
2 | 3391-86-4 | 1-Octen-3-ol | mushroom | 25.99 | 26 | 29.78 | 18.6 | 2 |
3 | 78-70-6 | Linalool | floral | 56.46 | 50.67 | 19.82 | 27.28 | 6 |
4 | 10152-76-8 | Allyl methyl sulfide | Garlic, onion | 244.1 | 134.8 | 77.14 | 76.24 | 0.5 |
5 | 2179-57-9 | Diallyl Disulfide | garlic | 858.24 | 1380.08 | 822.58 | 633.94 | 1.3 |
6 | 80-56-8 | α-pinene | Pine, woody | 16.6 | 10.4 | 7.65 | 8.42 | 100 |
7 | 127-91-3 | β-pinene | Woody, pine | 1.28 | 8.7 | 6.68 | 6.57 | 140 |
8 | 3856-25-5 | (-)-α-copaene | woody spicy honey | 6.53 | - | - | 24.63 | 6 |
9 | 93-15-2 | 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene | sweet | 9.25 | 9.72 | 0 | 3.65 | 68 |
10 | 66-25-1 | Hexanal | grassy | 104 | 30.67 | 2.44 | 9.33 | 45 |
11 | 124-19-6 | Nonanal | Waxy, aldehydic | 27.14 | 17.43 | 11.14 | 67.71 | 35 |
12 | 607-91-0 | myristicin | spicy | 24.67 | 246.33 | 111 | 615.33 | 30 |
13 | 507-70-0 | ((1S)-endo)-(-)-borneol | Pine, woody | 1.92 | 68.08 | 10.58 | 62.12 | 52 |
14 | 128-37-0 | 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol | mild phenolic camphor | 5.26 | 9.81 | 3.19 | 18.12 | 100 |
15 | 107-92-6 | n-Butyric acid | sweaty | 920 | 1430 | 100 | 900 | 1 |
16 | 98-86-2 | Acetophenone | pungent | 15.82 | 32.29 | 32.24 | 49.59 | 170 |
17 | 91-57-6 | 2-Methylnaphthalene | sweet | - | 177.5 | 30 | 300 | 4 |
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Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Song, H. Variation in Volatile Flavor Compounds of Cooked Mutton Meatballs during Storage. Foods 2021, 10, 2430. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102430
Zhang Y, Sun Y, Song H. Variation in Volatile Flavor Compounds of Cooked Mutton Meatballs during Storage. Foods. 2021; 10(10):2430. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102430
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yu, Yuwei Sun, and Huanlu Song. 2021. "Variation in Volatile Flavor Compounds of Cooked Mutton Meatballs during Storage" Foods 10, no. 10: 2430. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102430