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Article

Hybrid Disila-Crown Ethers as Hosts for Ammonium Cations: The O–Si–Si–O Linkage as an Acceptor for Hydrogen Bonding

by
Fabian Dankert
,
Kirsten Reuter
,
Carsten Donsbach
and
Carsten Von Hänisch
*
Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2018, 6(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6010015
Submission received: 11 December 2017 / Revised: 9 January 2018 / Accepted: 11 January 2018 / Published: 16 January 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coordination Chemistry of Silicon)
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Abstract

Host-guest chemistry was performed with disilane-bearing crown ethers and the ammonium cation. Equimolar reactions of 1,2-disila[18]crown-6 (1) or 1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6 (2) and NH4PF6 in dichloromethane yielded the respective compounds [NH4(1,2-disila[18]crown-6)]PF6 (3) and [NH4(1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6)]PF6 (4). According to X-ray crystallographic, NMR, and IR experiments, the uncommon hydrogen bonding motif O(Si)∙∙∙H could be observed and the use of cooperative effects of ethylene and disilane bridges as an effective way to incorporate guest molecules was illustrated.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Siloxane bonding has been intensely discussed for the past seventy years. However, siloxane bonding is not yet fully understood. Its discussion regarding the basicity is, to the best of our knowledge, nowadays based on two different explanatory models. Both are important in order to give insights into the Si–O bond, the associated Lewis basicity, and binding properties. As one model, negative hyperconjugation interactions are discussed especially for permethylated siloxanes [1,2]. These interactions are understood as a donation of electron density in the case p(O) → σ*(Si–C), which is competing with the coordination towards a Lewis acid and vice versa. Hence, the basicity of silicon bonded oxygen atoms turns out to be lower [3,4,5]. The other explanatory model considers the Si–O bond as highly ionic. The electronegativity gradient in the Si–O bond is considerably larger than in the C–O bond, which causes significantly different binding properties of siloxanes in comparison to ethers. Gillespie and Robinson emphasize that the electron pairs located directly at the oxygen atoms are spatially diffused, resulting in a lower basicity [6]. Furthermore, one could argue that the partially negatively charged oxygen atoms should show strong interactions with Lewis acids. However, this argument is disproved by repulsive interactions between a positively charged silicon atom and a Lewis acid, which was recently shown via quantum chemical calculations [7,8]. Overall, this leads to an understanding of why the coordination of siloxanes turns out to be cumbersome. The whole discussion is stripped down to monosilanes, which results in a structural discrepancy regarding (cyclic) poly-silaethers. The conformation of the ligand significantly affects the coordination properties, which was shown for ring-contracted crown ethers [9,10]. Considering all those arguments, we tried to regain structural analogy towards organic (crown type) ligands with the insertion of disilane-units. Simple substitution of –SiMe2– units with –Si2Me4– units in a residuary –C2H4O– framework yields disilane-bearing ligands with a respectable coordination ability very close to their organic analogs. Alkali and alkaline earth metal salts could easily be coordinated by ligands of this class, so the coordination ability of siloxane compounds should be reconsidered [11,12,13,14,15]. However, the discussion around siloxane bonding is not restricted to the coordination of Lewis acids and includes the ability to form hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen-bonding patterns vary with the use of different substituents within a silicon-based system (see Scheme 1).
The ability of these systems to form a hydrogen bond has been discussed since the early sixties, especially by the group of West. Early examinations order the affinity to form hydrogen bonds in the sequence R3COCR3 > R3COSiR3 >> R3SiOSiR3 according to IR-spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies, as well as NMR experiments [16,17,18]. Also, recent research confirms a low hydrogen bonding affinity of the oxygen atoms within ligands of the type R3SiOSiR3 [19]. This is also reflected by the fact that a lot more solid state structures with hydrogen bonding between D–H and R3CDSiR3 (D = O, N) than between D–H and R3SiOSiR3 are known to date. These results reflect the fact that a screening of the Cambridge Crystallographic Database (CCDC) reveals no more than twenty structures that exhibit hydrogen bonding between D–H and R3CDSiR3 (D = O, N) and just a handful of structures showing contacts in between D–H and R3SiOSiR3 in the solid state [20]. Taking all observations into account, the hydrogen bonding of siloxanes continues to be an uncommon motif and is declared as an unusual phenomenon [21]. However, it is possible to increase the ability of siloxanes to form hydrogen bonds by decreasing the ϕ-angle, which could be shown in several publications and was also supported by experimental data provided by the group of Beckmann [5,17,21,22,23]. The relatively small pool of experimental data motivated us to extend the coordination chemistry of hybrid disila-crown ethers to ammonium cations.

2. Results

The ability of organic crown ethers to act as host molecules is discussed regarding different systems with hydronium- and ammonium ions as the simplest hosts. Recrystallization of equimolar ratios of salt and an appropriate crown ether from organic and/or aqueous solution yields crown ether complexes with the general formula [M(CE)]A, where M = H3O+ or NH4+, CE = crown ether, and A = anion. Mainly crown ethers of the [18]crown-6 type are used, but the anion structure varies with A = Cl−, Br3−, I3−, ClO4−, [BF4]−, [PF6]− [SbCl6]−, and many more [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. In the case of hybrid crown-ethers, aqueous solutions and traces of moisture lead to the entire decomposition of the ligand. Siloxane cleavage with aqueous solutions is common for this kind of ligand and has already been discussed in other publications [11,34,35]. For this reason, hydrogen bonding towards hydronium cations could not be performed. However, the incorporation of a guest turned out to be successful in the use of ammonium hexafluorophosphate as the salt and 1,2-disila[18]crown-6 (1), as well as 1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6 (2) as the ligands of choice. The ligands were prepared using methods described in the literature (see Scheme 2) [11,15]. Subsequent reaction of these ligands with NH4PF6 in anhydrous dichloromethane yielded the respective complexes [NH4(1,2-disila[18]crown-6)]PF6 (3) and [NH4(1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6]PF6 (4). Neat 3 is a colorless powder which can be recrystallized from dichloromethane. The resulting colorless blocks were analyzed via XRD. 3 crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21 as an enantiopure product very similar to the corresponding potassium complex [K(1,2-disila[18]crown-6)PF6] according to the lattice constants [11]. As also observed for organic crown ether complexes, the ammonium cation is trapped in the cavity of the sila-crown ether beneath the anion bound to every second oxygen atom of the ligand 1. The hydrogen bonding system of the ammonium cation now features three different binding modes due to the insertion of the O–Si–Si–O linkage and the presence of the [PF6]− anion. Hence, etheric oxygen atoms, one silicon substituted oxygen atom, and two of the fluorine atoms of the [PF6]− anion are participating (see Figure 1). The F∙∙∙H contacts show distances that are well within the range of hydrogen bonding for this system. Freely chosen systems for comparison are [NH4([18]crown-6)]PF6, [NH4(dibenzo[18]crown-6)]PF6, and [NH4(benzo[15]crown-5)]PF6 [32,36,37].
Compound 3 is a rare example combining hydrogen bonding situations towards etheric oxygen atoms, as well as partially silicon substituted oxygen atoms in the same molecule. This enables a comparative analysis of the respective hydrogen bond donating properties of the different oxygen atoms. The hydrogen bonding data for 3 and related compounds-based on the representation in Scheme 1 are presented in Table 1. The respective hydrogen bonding patterns of 3 show no significant divergence between the O(organic)∙∙∙H and O(Si)∙∙∙H contacts. Hence, there is no hint of a preference of the etheric oxygen atoms to form hydrogen bonding. The N–H4∙∙∙O1 contact has a rather short value of 205 pm, but is still in agreement with those in the related compounds. So, it can be assumed that the use of cooperative effects of ether and disilane bridges seems to be an effective way to incorporate guest molecules.
The successful incorporation of the ammonium cation in the silicon containing [18]crown-6 ether and its interesting bonding relations prompted us to synthesize another ammonium complex using the similar ligand 2. Thereby, we obtained compound 4 as a white powder, which was further recrystallized from a mixture of dichloromethane and cyclopentane, yielding colorless rods suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (see Figure 2 and Table 2). 4 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc and reveals a trapped ammonium cation in the middle of the crown ether cavity bound to every second oxygen atom of the ligand 2. The [PF6]− anion and one molecule of co-crystalline DCM are located above and beneath the ammonium cation. In comparison to compound 3, the ammonium cation is located closer to the calculated mean plane spanned by the donor atoms of the crown ether with 45 pm in the case of 4 and 59 pm in the case of 3. The hydrogen bonding geometry of 4 is slightly different to that of 3 because of the rather rigid, ortho-bridging phenyl unit (see Table 1). Similar to the O(organic)∙∙∙H and O(Si)∙∙∙H in 3, the respective hydrogen bonding contacts show no significant divergence. However, due to the incorporation of co-crystalline DCM, an intrinsic disorder causes problems with the crystal structure refinement. For this reason, several restraints on distances and anisotropic displacement parameters were used during the refinement. Hence, the hydrogen-bonding situation between the ligand and ammonium cation should be considered carefully and is not discussed in detail as done for 3. Recrystallization attempts from other solvents failed. Nonetheless, the crystal structure clearly indicates the participation of the silicon bonded oxygen atom regarding hydrogen bonding.
The interactions between the silicon affected oxygen atoms and the hydrogen atoms of the ammonium cation are further verified by NMR and IR experiments. As observed for the metal complexes of disila-crown ethers, a characteristic downfield shift of the singlet in the 29Si{1H} and the singlet of the SiMe2-groups in the 1H NMR spectra is observed for both compounds 3 and 4. The 29Si NMR shift is 13.7 ppm in the case of 3 and 16.2 ppm in the case of 4. For this reason, both compounds show a dynamic process regarding the H-bonding situation. Rapid exchange results in the described equivalency of the silicon atoms. Even in VT NMR experiments, subsequently cooling the solution to 190 K did not result in an inequivalence of the SiMe2 groups. The respective NMR shifts are in the range of sodium and potassium metal ion complexes of disila-crown ethers [11,14].
The 1H NMR spectra represent the singlets for the SiMe2 groups at 0.29 (3) and 0.30 (4) ppm, respectively. For the ammonium cations, triplets were observed at 6.44 ppm for 3 and at 6.64 ppm for 4 in the 1H NMR spectra. As mentioned above, IR spectroscopic data also indicate an interaction of the ammonium cation with the silicon bonded oxygen atom. In comparison to pure NH4PF6, three instead of only one NH stretching vibrations are observed in both compounds. The respective signals are found at 3333 cm−1 in NH4PF6; 3317, 3188, and 3086 cm−1 in 3; and 3298, 3225, and 3066 cm−1 in 4, comprising a significant red-shift in the coordinated cases [46]. This is in accordance with the solid-state structures found upon single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, as three different binding modes of the NH4-related hydrogen atoms are revealed.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Laboratory Procedures and Techniques

All working procedures were performed by the use of Schlenk techniques under Ar gas. Solvents were dried and freshly distilled before use. Ammonium hexafluorophosphate was stored and handled under Ar atmosphere using a glovebox of MBRAUN-type. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV III HD 300 MHz or AV III 500 MHz spectrometer (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany), respectively. The MestReNova package was used for analyzation [47]. Infrared (IR) spectra of the respective samples were measured using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode on a Bruker Model Alpha FT-IR (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) stored in the glove box. OPUS-software package was applied throughout [48]. ESI-MS spectrometry was performed with an LTQ-FT (Waltham, MA, USA) and LIFDI-MS with an AccuTOF-GC device (Akishima, Tokyo, Japan). Elemental analysis data cannot be provided due to the presence of fluorine in the samples, which harms the elemental analysis devices.

3.2. Crystal Structures

Single crystal X-ray experiments were carried out using a Bruker D8 Quest diffractometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) at 100(2) K with Mo Kα radiation and X-ray optics (λ = 0.71073). All structures were solved by direct methods and refinement with full-matrix-least-squares against F2 using SHELXT- and SHELXL-2015 on the OLEX2 platform. Crystallographic data for compounds 3 and 4 are denoted as follows: CCDC Nos. 1589283 (3), 1589284 (4∙DCM) [49,50,51]. Crystallographic information files (CIF, see Supplementary Materials) can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) (link: www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif). Visualization of all structures was performed with Diamond software package Version 4.4.0 [52]. Thermal Ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level.

3.3. Experimental Section

The sila-crown ethers 1,2-disila[18]crown-6 (1) and 1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6 (2) were synthesized according to methods reported in literature [11,15]. Compounds 3 and 4 were synthesized as follows.
[NH4(1,2-disila[18]crown-6)]PF6 (3): 106 mg of 1 (0.30 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in 15 mL of dichloromethane. A total of 59 mg of NH4PF6 (1.2 eq, 0.36 mmol) was then added. Stirring the suspension for 72 h gave a cloudy solution, which was filtered followed by the removal of the solvent under reduced pressure. The raw product was washed with 5 mL of n-pentane and dried in vacuo. A total of 147 mg of 3 was obtained as a pale white powder in 94% yield. For single crystal growth, 3 was dissolved in dichloromethane and the solvent was removed until saturation of the solution. Cooling to −32 °C yielded colorless blocks after a few days. 1H NMR: (300 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ = 0.29 (s, 12H, Si(CH3)2), 3.55–3.88 (m, 4H, CH2), 3.64 (s, 12H, CH2), 3.74–3.76 (m, 4H, CH2), 6.44 (t, 1JNH = 54 Hz, 4H, NH4) ppm; 13C{1H} NMR: (75 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ = −1.2 (s, Si(CH3)2), 62.9 (s, CH2), 70.7 (s, CH2), 70.8 (s, CH2), 70.9 (s, CH2), 72.9 (s, CH2) ppm; 19F NMR: (283 MHz) δ = −72.5 (d, 1JPF = 713 Hz, PF6) ppm; 29Si{1H} NMR: (99 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ = 13.7 (s, Si(CH3)2) ppm; 31P NMR: (203 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ = −140.3 (hept, 1JPF = 713 Hz, PF6) ppm. MS: LIFDI(+) m/z (%): 370.20784 [M–PF6]+ (100), IR (cm−1): 3317 + 3188 + 3086 (m, br, ṽs N–H), 2891 (m), 1453 (m), 1425.98 (m), 1352 (w), 1249 (m), 1097 (s), 1075 (s), 1060 (s), 953 (s) 920 (s), 830 (vs), 791 (vs), 769 (s), 739 (s), 713 (s), 626 (m), 556 (s), 518 (w).
[NH4(1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6)]PF6 (4): 140 mg of 2 (0.35 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in 10 mL of Dichloromethane. Subsequent addition of 69 mg of NH4PF6 (0.35 mmol, 1.0 eq) and stirring of the suspension for three hours yielded a clear solution that was subsequently freed of the solvent. The raw product was well washed with 8 mL of n-pentane, followed by drying in vacuo. A total of 200 mg of 4 was obtained as a pale white powder in 95% yield. For single crystal growth, 4 was dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane, layered with 15 mL cyclopentane, and finally stored at −32 °C to obtain colorless rods after a few days. 1H NMR: (300 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ = 0.30 (s, 12H, Si(CH3)2), 3.63–3.71 (m, 4H, CH2), 3.74–3.83 (m, 4H, CH2), 3.85–3.95 (m, 4H, CH2), 4.15–4.23 (m, 4H, CH2), 6.64 (t, 1JNH = 54 Hz, 4H, NH4) ppm; 6.86–7.04 (m, 4H, C6H4). 13C{1H} NMR: (75 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ = 2.5 (s, Si(CH3)2), 62.02 (s, CH2), 68.6 (s, CH2), 69.6 (s, CH2), 72.8 (s, CH2), 113.6 (s, CArH), 122.4 (s, CArH), 148.3 (s, CAr, q) ppm; 19F NMR: (283 MHz) δ = −72.9 (d, 1JPF = 712 Hz, PF6) ppm; 29Si{1H} NMR: (99 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ = 16.2 (s, Si(CH3)2) ppm; 31P NMR (203 MHz, CD2Cl2): −143.8 (hept, 1JPF = 713 Hz, PF6) ppm. MS: ESI(+) m/z (%): 418.2080 [M–PF6]+ (100), IR (cm−1): 3298, 3225, 3066 (m, br, ṽs N–H), 2946 (m), 2878 (m), 1594 (w), 1505 (m), 1454 (m), 1425 (m), 1249 (s), 1209 (s), 1121 (m) 1069 (s), 957 (m), 830 (vs), 791 (vs), 765 (vs), 738 (vs), 632 (w), 555 (vs).

4. Conclusions

In this work, the incorporation of guest molecules into disilane-bearing crown ethers was discussed. The complexation of ammonium cations by the ligands 1 and 2 turned out to be successful. Within the respective complexes 3 and 4, H-bonding between a silicon affected oxygen atom and the ammonium cation was purposefully realized. So far, related H-bonding was only observed as an occasional occurrence in solid-state structures. In addition, O(organic)∙∙∙H and O(Si)∙∙∙H contacts show no significant divergence on a structural level. Hence, there is no hint for a preference of the etheric oxygen atoms to form hydrogen bonding. The interaction of the protons related to the ammonium cation with the silicon affected oxygen atoms was verified by NMR- and IR-spectroscopic experiments. It can be concluded that the use of cooperative effects of ethylene and disilane bridges is an effective way to incorporate guest molecules. We are currently aiming for the synthesis of all-disilane substituted crown ether analogs. Systems of the type SiSi–O–SiSi will help advance our understanding of the siloxane linkage in combination with hydrogen bonding.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/6/1/15/s1, Cif and cif-checked files.
Supplementary File 1

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Fabian Dankert gratefully acknowledges the kind advice and meticulous data collection of Michael Marsch (X-ray department, Philipps-University Marburg). Fabian Dankert further thanks N. Mais for his help with synthetic work.

Author Contributions

Fabian Dankert performed the synthesis and analytics of compound 4, interpretations of all the analytical data, contributed to the X-ray crystallographic refinement, and wrote the manuscript. Kirsten Reuter performed the synthesis of compound 3 and the collection of the respective analytical data. Carsten Donsbach accomplished the crystal structure solution and refinement of compound 4. Carsten von Hänisch contributed to the interpretation and manuscript preparation and led the overarching research project.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Inorganics 06 00015 sch001
Scheme 1. Model of hydrogen-bonding involving silicon-based systems in which A = acceptor (especially O), D = donor-bearing atom (O/N), T = tetrel (C/Si), d = length of the respective hydrogen bonding contact, and ϕ as well as ω are relevant bond angles setting up the hydrogen bonding pattern.
Scheme 1. Model of hydrogen-bonding involving silicon-based systems in which A = acceptor (especially O), D = donor-bearing atom (O/N), T = tetrel (C/Si), d = length of the respective hydrogen bonding contact, and ϕ as well as ω are relevant bond angles setting up the hydrogen bonding pattern.
Inorganics 06 00015 sch001
Inorganics 06 00015 sch002
Scheme 2. Synthesis of 1,2-disila[18]crown-6 and 1,2-disila-benzo[18}crown-6 [11,15].
Scheme 2. Synthesis of 1,2-disila[18]crown-6 and 1,2-disila-benzo[18}crown-6 [11,15].
Inorganics 06 00015 sch002
Inorganics 06 00015 g001
Figure 1. The molecular structure of compound 3 in the solid state. Thermal ellipsoids represent a probability level of 50%. The disordered part of the ligand with a lower occupancy and all carbon bonded hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity, whereas hydrogen atoms of the ammonium cation are represented with arbitrary atomic radii. The latter were refined with DFIX [0.91] commands. Selected contacts and bond lengths [pm]: H1∙∙∙F1 222(3), H1∙∙∙F2 236(3), H2∙∙∙O5 206(3), H3∙∙∙O3 203(6), H4∙∙∙O1 205(3), Si1–Si2 234.8(1).
Figure 1. The molecular structure of compound 3 in the solid state. Thermal ellipsoids represent a probability level of 50%. The disordered part of the ligand with a lower occupancy and all carbon bonded hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity, whereas hydrogen atoms of the ammonium cation are represented with arbitrary atomic radii. The latter were refined with DFIX [0.91] commands. Selected contacts and bond lengths [pm]: H1∙∙∙F1 222(3), H1∙∙∙F2 236(3), H2∙∙∙O5 206(3), H3∙∙∙O3 203(6), H4∙∙∙O1 205(3), Si1–Si2 234.8(1).
Inorganics 06 00015 g001
Inorganics 06 00015 g002
Figure 2. The molecular structure of compound 4 in the solid state. Thermal ellipsoids represent a probability level of 50%. The disordered part of the ligand with a lower occupancy and all carbon bonded hydrogen atoms, as well as the DCM molecule, are omitted for clarity. The hydrogen atoms of the ammonium cation are represented with arbitrary atomic radii. The latter were refined with DFIX [0.91] commands. Selected contacts and bond lengths [pm]: H1∙∙∙F1 212(4) pm, H1∙∙∙F2 247(5), H1∙∙∙F3 279(5), H2∙∙∙O4 213(6), H3∙∙∙O2 209(5), H4∙∙∙O6 200(3), Si1–Si2 233.9(3).
Figure 2. The molecular structure of compound 4 in the solid state. Thermal ellipsoids represent a probability level of 50%. The disordered part of the ligand with a lower occupancy and all carbon bonded hydrogen atoms, as well as the DCM molecule, are omitted for clarity. The hydrogen atoms of the ammonium cation are represented with arbitrary atomic radii. The latter were refined with DFIX [0.91] commands. Selected contacts and bond lengths [pm]: H1∙∙∙F1 212(4) pm, H1∙∙∙F2 247(5), H1∙∙∙F3 279(5), H2∙∙∙O4 213(6), H3∙∙∙O2 209(5), H4∙∙∙O6 200(3), Si1–Si2 233.9(3).
Inorganics 06 00015 g002
Table 1. Hydrogen bonding geometry in 3, 4, and related silicon based systems.
Table 1. Hydrogen bonding geometry in 3, 4, and related silicon based systems.
Compound or CSD Refcode 1D–H 2Ad [pm]T 3ω [°]ϕ [°]Ref. 4
3N–H2O5206CE160113*
N–H3O3203CE156108*
N–H4O1205C159122*
4N–H2O4214CE165117*
N–H3O2209CE151110*
N–H4O6200C172118*
VONMOBN–HO226C174128[38]
MEQFODN–HO247C141131[39]
ITUBUIN–HO198–210C157–160130–132[40]
MOLYUOO–HO192Si167116[23]
TAKFOBO–HO257–260Si148–152139–148[41]
ZEMXAQO–HO199Si156116[42]
EGEKACO–HO199–200C155–161114–115[43]
PERWISO–HO199C166123[44]
REXXATO–HO199C173111[45]
1 Choice of CSD Codes is based on ref. [20]. Geometric criteria for the search were similar to those in ref [21]. CCDC ConQuest Version 1.19 was used for the search; 2 See Scheme 1 for abbreviations; 3 Subscript E denotes that the hydrogen bonding refers to an etheric oxygen atom: two carbon atoms are located next to one oxygen atom; 4 * = published within this work.
Table 2. X-ray crystallographic data for compounds 3 and 4∙DCM.
Table 2. X-ray crystallographic data for compounds 3 and 4∙DCM.
34∙DCM
Empirical formulaC14H36F6NO6PSi2C19H38Cl2F6NO6PSi2
Formula weight [g·mol−1]515.59648.55
Crystal colour, shapecolourless blockcolourless rod
Crystal size [mm]0.487 × 0.432 × 0.3460.076 × 0.106 × 0.522
Crystal systemmonoclinicmonoclinic
Space groupP21Cc
Formula units24
Temperature [K]100(2)100(2)
Unit cell dimensions [Å, °]a = 10.4542(5)a = 14.9582(7)
b = 12.3869(6)b = 12.6454(6)
c = 10.6140(5)c = 16.3325(8)
β = 117.912(1)β = 104.950(2)
Cell volume [Å3]1214.57(10)2984.8(2)
ρ calc [g/cm3]1.4101.443
μ [mm−1]0.2860.422
2θ range [°]4.342 to 50.5684.280 to 53.570
Reflections measured3453268974
Independent reflections44196355
R1 (I > 2σ(I))0.02030.0535
wR2 (all data)0.05290.1329
GooF1.0761.035
Largest diff. peak/hole [e∙Å−3]0.24/−0.270.51/−0.44
Flack parameter0.004(14)0.048(16)

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Dankert, F.; Reuter, K.; Donsbach, C.; Von Hänisch, C. Hybrid Disila-Crown Ethers as Hosts for Ammonium Cations: The O–Si–Si–O Linkage as an Acceptor for Hydrogen Bonding. Inorganics 2018, 6, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6010015

AMA Style

Dankert F, Reuter K, Donsbach C, Von Hänisch C. Hybrid Disila-Crown Ethers as Hosts for Ammonium Cations: The O–Si–Si–O Linkage as an Acceptor for Hydrogen Bonding. Inorganics. 2018; 6(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6010015

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dankert, Fabian, Kirsten Reuter, Carsten Donsbach, and Carsten Von Hänisch. 2018. "Hybrid Disila-Crown Ethers as Hosts for Ammonium Cations: The O–Si–Si–O Linkage as an Acceptor for Hydrogen Bonding" Inorganics 6, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6010015

APA Style

Dankert, F., Reuter, K., Donsbach, C., & Von Hänisch, C. (2018). Hybrid Disila-Crown Ethers as Hosts for Ammonium Cations: The O–Si–Si–O Linkage as an Acceptor for Hydrogen Bonding. Inorganics, 6(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6010015

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