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Inorganics
Volume 12
Issue 6
10.3390/inorganics12060155
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Article

Matrix Effect on Singlet Oxygen Generation Using Methylene Blue as Photosensitizer

by
Jianan Xu
1,
Laurent Bonneviot
1,
Yannick Guari
2,
Cyrille Monnereau
1,
Kun Zhang
3,
Albert Poater
4,
Montserrat Rodríguez-Pizarro
4,* and
Belén Albela
1,*
1
Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon—CNRS UMR51, 69364 Lyon, France
2
Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
3
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
4
Departament de Química and Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2024, 12(6), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12060155
Submission received: 24 April 2024 / Revised: 28 May 2024 / Accepted: 28 May 2024 / Published: 31 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Inorganics)
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Abstract

Methylene blue (MB) is a well-established and extensively studied photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT), since it can generate singlet oxygen with a high quantum yield upon irradiation within the phototherapeutic (600–950 nm) window. However, its activity can decrease due to the formation of dimers or higher aggregates, which can take place in an aqueous solution at relatively high concentrations. The incorporation of this molecule into a matrix can avoid this aggregation and increase its activity relative to PDT. Silica porous nanoparticles are chosen here as a matrix to host MB. The size and pore geometry are tuned in order to decrease MB leaching while maintaining good singlet oxygen generation and colloidal stability for further applications in nanomedicine. In addition, phenyl functions are grafted on the pores of the silica matrix in order to avoid MB aggregation, thereby increasing the activity of the photosensitizer in the singlet oxygen generation. DFT calculations give insight in the structure of the aggregation of the MB units, and the roles of water and organic environments are investigated through time-dependent calculations on UV-vis spectra.
Keywords: silica nanoparticles; methylene blue; singlet oxygen generation; photodynamic therapy silica nanoparticles; methylene blue; singlet oxygen generation; photodynamic therapy
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MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, J.; Bonneviot, L.; Guari, Y.; Monnereau, C.; Zhang, K.; Poater, A.; Rodríguez-Pizarro, M.; Albela, B. Matrix Effect on Singlet Oxygen Generation Using Methylene Blue as Photosensitizer. Inorganics 2024, 12, 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12060155

AMA Style

Xu J, Bonneviot L, Guari Y, Monnereau C, Zhang K, Poater A, Rodríguez-Pizarro M, Albela B. Matrix Effect on Singlet Oxygen Generation Using Methylene Blue as Photosensitizer. Inorganics. 2024; 12(6):155. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12060155

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Jianan, Laurent Bonneviot, Yannick Guari, Cyrille Monnereau, Kun Zhang, Albert Poater, Montserrat Rodríguez-Pizarro, and Belén Albela. 2024. "Matrix Effect on Singlet Oxygen Generation Using Methylene Blue as Photosensitizer" Inorganics 12, no. 6: 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12060155

APA Style

Xu, J., Bonneviot, L., Guari, Y., Monnereau, C., Zhang, K., Poater, A., Rodríguez-Pizarro, M., & Albela, B. (2024). Matrix Effect on Singlet Oxygen Generation Using Methylene Blue as Photosensitizer. Inorganics, 12(6), 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12060155

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