Swiss Archives of Neurology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

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Register 2003

by EMH Swiss Medical Publishers Ltd.

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 479-480; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01445 - 1 Jan 2003

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Inhalt 2003 [...] Full article

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Manfred Stöhr, Regina Kraus: Einführung in die klinische Neurophysiologie. EMG – EEG – Evozierte Potenziale

by B. Bulambo and P. Fuhr

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 469; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01444 - 1 Jan 2003

Abstract

Die Autoren dieses handlichen Werkes bieten dem Leser einen Einstieg in die elektrophysiologische Diagnostik (Elektromyoneurographie EMNG,Elektroenzephalographie EEG, evozierte Potentiale EP) [...]
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Peter Hofmann, Hrsg.: Dysthymie. Diagnostik und Therapie der chronisch depressiven Verstimmung

by H. Böker

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 468; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01443 - 1 Jan 2003

Abstract

Der von P. Hofmann (Graz) herausgegebene Band fasst eine Reihe von relativ kurzen Beiträgen österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren zusammen, die sich mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten der Dysthymie bzw [...]
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Gerhard W. Eschweiler, Barbara Wild, Mathias Bartels, Hrsg.: Elektromagnetische Therapien in der Psychiatrie. Elektrokrampftherapie (EKT), Transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS) und verwandte Verfahren

by R. Battegay

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 467; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01442 - 1 Jan 2003

Abstract

In einem ersten Teil des Buches finden sich 15 unterschiedlich ausführliche Artikel zur Elektrokrampftherapie (EKT), die zum Teil von den Herausgebern, zum Teil von anderen Autoren wie K.-J. Schott,W. Schlotter, S. Bork und A. Batra verfasst wurden. Während nach der Einführung dieser Therapie [...] Read more.

In einem ersten Teil des Buches finden sich 15 unterschiedlich ausführliche Artikel zur Elektrokrampftherapie (EKT), die zum Teil von den Herausgebern, zum Teil von anderen Autoren wie K.-J. Schott,W. Schlotter, S. Bork und A. Batra verfasst wurden. Während nach der Einführung dieser Therapie durch Cerletti und Bini (1938) in den Jahren 1940–1960 die Elektrokrampftherapie bei therapieresistenten Depressionen und Schizophrenien oft angewendet wurde, ist sie später von den Antidepressiva einerseits und den Neuroleptika andererseits weitgehend verdrängt worden [...]
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René Dehnhardt: Schamanismus und Schizophrenie

by C. Scharfetter

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 467; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01441 - 1 Jan 2003

Abstract

René Dehnhardt, Ethnologe, deutet den Schamanen als durch Selbstheilung im Rahmen seiner kulturellen Möglichkeiten kompensierten Schizophrenen. Diese Deutung verknüpfen der Autor und B. Riese (im Vorwort) mit der Hoffnung, aus diesem erfolgreichen Coping-Modell vom Schizophrenen zum Schamanen könne man für die westliche Kultur [...] Read more.

René Dehnhardt, Ethnologe, deutet den Schamanen als durch Selbstheilung im Rahmen seiner kulturellen Möglichkeiten kompensierten Schizophrenen. Diese Deutung verknüpfen der Autor und B. Riese (im Vorwort) mit der Hoffnung, aus diesem erfolgreichen Coping-Modell vom Schizophrenen zum Schamanen könne man für die westliche Kultur bessere Behandlungsmöglichkeiten und einen Abbau der Stigmatisierung der Schizophrenie entwickeln [...]
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Daniel Hell: Seelenhunger. Der fühlende Mensch und die Wissenschaften vom Leben

by EMH Swiss Medical Publishers Ltd.

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 467-468; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01440 - 1 Jan 2003

Abstract

Die Psychiatrie ist ein Ärgernis. Dies gilt im besonderen für die Psychotherapie und speziell für die tiefenpsychologischen Verfahren [...]
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René Ludwig Bernays, Hans-Georg Imhof, Yasuhiro Yonekawa, Hrsg.: Intraoperative Imaging in Neurosurgery. MRI, CT, Ultrasound

by A. Barth

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 466-467; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01439 - 1 Jan 2003

Abstract

In diesem Band 85 der Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementa haben R. L. Bernays et al. die Beiträge gesammelt, die am ersten Zürcher Symposium über intraoperatives Imaging in der Neurochirurgie im Januar 2002 vorgestellt wurden [...]
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Hans Assmus: Nervenkompressionssyndrome (+ CD-ROM). Diagnostik und Chirurgie

by M. Sturzenegger

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 466; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01438 - 1 Jan 2003

Abstract

«Wenn Diagnostik und Indikationsstellung falsch waren, kann auch die beste operative Technik nicht erfolgreich sein» – mit diesem (auch) für die erfolgreiche Behandlung von Nervenkompressionssyndromen bedeutenden Satz schliesst dieses, notabene von einem (Neuro)Chirurgen verfasste, sehr instruktive, exzellent illustrierte und didaktisch hervorragend gegliederte und [...] Read more.

«Wenn Diagnostik und Indikationsstellung falsch waren, kann auch die beste operative Technik nicht erfolgreich sein» – mit diesem (auch) für die erfolgreiche Behandlung von Nervenkompressionssyndromen bedeutenden Satz schliesst dieses, notabene von einem (Neuro)Chirurgen verfasste, sehr instruktive, exzellent illustrierte und didaktisch hervorragend gegliederte und geschriebene Buch [...]
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Open AccessTutorial

Neurologist-in-training

by Patrik Michel

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 463-465; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01432 - 1 Jan 2003

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Abstract

The aim of this section is to prepare the neurologist- in-training for the FMH examination, to confront her or him with specific problems of everyday neurological practice and to give him or her updates on recent controversies in clinical neurology. Full article

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Richtlinien für die Behandlung des idiopathischen Parkinsonsyndroms

by H. P. Ludin

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 458-462; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01429 - 1 Jan 2003

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Abstract

Vor 5 Jahren hat unsere Arbeitsgruppe Richtlinien für die Behandlung von Parkinsonpatienten veröffentlicht3. In der Zwischenzeit sind verschiedene neue Behandlungsmöglichkeiten bekannt geworden, so dass sich eine Neufassung der Richtlinien rechtfertigt. Die Behandlung des idiopathischen Parkinsonsyndroms ist in den letzten Jahren immer komplexer geworden. [...] Read more.

Vor 5 Jahren hat unsere Arbeitsgruppe Richtlinien für die Behandlung von Parkinsonpatienten veröffentlicht3. In der Zwischenzeit sind verschiedene neue Behandlungsmöglichkeiten bekannt geworden, so dass sich eine Neufassung der Richtlinien rechtfertigt. Die Behandlung des idiopathischen Parkinsonsyndroms ist in den letzten Jahren immer komplexer geworden. Einerseits sind zahlreiche neuere medikamentöse und chirurgische Behandlungsmethoden verfügbar, anderseits haben wir mit der Behandlung mit L-Dopa Erfahrungen über mehr als 30 Jahre sammeln können. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Probleme der Langzeitbehandlung durch eine optimale Wahl der Medikamente zu Beginn der Behandlung reduziert werden können. Da der Zeitpunkt, an welchem einzelne Massnahmen begonnen oder durchgeführt werden sollten und da die Dosierungen der verschiedenen Medikamente von Patient zu Patient stark variieren, wird auch in Zukunft eine Behandlung nur in Zusammenarbeit mit einem Neurologen zu empfehlen sein. Full article

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Konditionierung durch die langfristige Einnahme von Östrogenen?

by Christian De Geyter, A. Raggi and S. Steimann

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 453-457; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01435 - 1 Jan 2003

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Abstract

Taken all preparations together oestrogenic substances are the most frequently used hormonal component of current medical treatment: oestrogens are used for contraception, regulation of abnormalities of the menstrual cycle and the treatment of menopausal symptoms. They are also a major component of topical [...] Read more.

Taken all preparations together oestrogenic substances are the most frequently used hormonal component of current medical treatment: oestrogens are used for contraception, regulation of abnormalities of the menstrual cycle and the treatment of menopausal symptoms. They are also a major component of topical preparations, both in medicine and cosmetics. However, the use of oestrogens has recently received a lot of criticism, particularly those used on women after menopause, as these preparations have been associated with a higher incidence of breast cancer and venous thromboembolism. In addition, several large scale studies have questioned several previously thought benefits of long-term oestrogen intake, such as prevention of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer dementia. Dealing with women suffering from climacteric symptoms, these recent findings have already exerted a profound impact on the therapeutic policy concerning the use of oestrogenic preparations in postmenopausal women. These controversies have also found widespread interest in the lay press so that most patients are now well aware of the possible risks of long-term oestrogen intake. Despite this, only few women have interrupted their treatment. The excellent compliance of long-term use of oestrogenic preparations among postmenopausal women may be explained by classical conditioning: the menopausal symptoms are blocked effectively by the oestrogenic compound and through the nuclear oestrogenic receptors present in the neuronal tissue the oestrogen itself stimulates the construction of new neuronal synapses. In this,the high compliance of postmenopausal women concerning the use of oestrogenic preparations seems to reflect long-standing experimental evidence in animals, in which exogenous oestrogen treatments affect fear-related behaviour, particularly in females, thereby supporting the process of conditioning. It is therefore unrealistic to start a substitutional oestrogenic treatment in climacteric women only for a short period of time because the symptoms will recur after having interrupted the medication and due to the rapid effect of the treatment the patient will soon become conditioned for further intake. Full article

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Psycho-Neuro-Endokrinologie des Stresses: die Bedeutung für die psychosomatische Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

by J. Bitzer

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 445-452; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01434 - 1 Jan 2003

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Abstract

Understanding the neurobiological and psychoendocrinological processes in patients living under chronic stress conditions is an important part of biopsychosocially oriented medicine.The complex interaction of HPA axis, hippocampus, amygdala, paraventricular nuclei and the regulation of neurotransmitters serves the purpose of protecting the organism against [...] Read more.

Understanding the neurobiological and psychoendocrinological processes in patients living under chronic stress conditions is an important part of biopsychosocially oriented medicine.The complex interaction of HPA axis, hippocampus, amygdala, paraventricular nuclei and the regulation of neurotransmitters serves the purpose of protecting the organism against threatening events by providing a flexible response through arousal and containment. In vulnerable persons high “allostatic load” leads to a persistent dysfunction of this system which manifests itself in the reversal of the primarily protective effect of glucocorticoids into a noxious effect on the brain and other tissues.The clinical consequences are manifold including psychiatric, cardiovascular and immunological diseases. Stress vulnerability is not only determined by genetics but also seems to be influenced by early childhood neglect and abuse.The regulation of the genes for the glucocorticoid receptor in the brain is influenced by environmental factors. These facts are of utmost importance to psychosomatic obstetrics: traumata and distress augment the risk for foetal malformation, miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery. Of high importance are possible effects of perinatal stress on the postnatal child development. Perinatal stress could also in human newborns lead to psychoendocrine mechanisms of increased stress vulnerability, which could in turn increase the risk for various forms of morbidity later in life. In the field of psychosomatic gynaecology the modern stress model is applied in cases of secondary amenorrhoea,hypothalamic amenorrhoea, dysfunctional bleeding and cycle irregularities and fertility disorders as well as in the complex polycystic ovarian syndrome. Furthermore, in gynaecologic oncology the model serves to develop concepts of cure and care for cancer patients. The concepts of care are based on three pillars: prevention of stress and early detection of stressrelated disorders, cognitive-behavioural and system interventions, drug therapy which includes drugs acting on the neurotransmitter system as well as drugs acting on the HPA axis reducing the action of chronic overactivity of the glucocorticoid and CRF system. Full article

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Die Panikstörung: kognitive Theorien und der akustische Schreckreflex

by S. Ludewig

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 440-444; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01430 - 1 Jan 2003

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Abstract

Features of panic disorder include recurrent anxiety attacks, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling and shortness of breath. Patients with panic disorder are very sensitive to relatively trivial somatic sensations. They also exhibit dysfunctional cognitions, particularly widespread is catastrophic thinking. [...] Read more.

Features of panic disorder include recurrent anxiety attacks, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling and shortness of breath. Patients with panic disorder are very sensitive to relatively trivial somatic sensations. They also exhibit dysfunctional cognitions, particularly widespread is catastrophic thinking. These symptoms suggest a loss of sensory and cognitive information processing. The acoustic startle reflex is a ubiquitous response to an intense exteroceptive stimulus measured by the eyeblink reflex component by the startle response.Variables of the startle reflex such as prepulse inhibition and habituation have widely been used as a neurophysiological measure of the early preattentive stages of information processing. Prepulse inhibition is the normal unlearned suppression of the startle reflex when the intense startling stimulus is preceded by a weak acoustic prepulse. Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex represents a general ability to inhibit external (auditory, visual, tactile) and internal (thoughts, impulses) stimuli. Another form of the plasticity of startle reflex is habituation. Habituation refers to the decrement in responding when the same initially novel stimulus is presented repeatedly in the absence of any contingencies. Hence, deficits in preattentive information processing in patients with panic disorder could contribute to an exaggerated responsiveness to anxiety-eliciting stimuli. The present article describes startle reactivity, prepulse inhibition and habituation in patients with panic disorder in order to discuss the general hypothesis that abnormalities in the processing of sensory information may exist in this population and may be associated with a theoretical cognitive model of panic disorder. Full article

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Die Therapie der Depression in der Neurorehabilitation und die neurobiologischen Wirkmechanismen

by E. Holsboer-Trachsler

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 431-439; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01431 - 1 Jan 2003

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Abstract

Depression occurs frequently in patients with physical diseases. It is a significant cause of suffering among these patients associated with a poor outcome with increased morbidity and mortality and often presents diagnostic and management problems. The purpose of this article is to review [...] Read more.

Depression occurs frequently in patients with physical diseases. It is a significant cause of suffering among these patients associated with a poor outcome with increased morbidity and mortality and often presents diagnostic and management problems. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence on whether antidepressant medication is clinically effective and acceptable in patients with neurological disorders in rehabilitation. Depression is most common in patients following vascular or traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injuries and leads to an additional significant functional and psychosocial impairment. A few controlled and uncontrolled treatment trials provide support that antidepressant therapy improves depressed mood, pathological affect and the cognitive and physical consequences in these diseases. However, medication selection needs careful evaluation according to side effect profiles. Regarding the choice of a particular agent, the data do not support an automatic first choice. The selection of drug will be a matter of clinical judgment, bearing in mind factors including the individual patient’s symptoms, the profile of wanted and unwanted effects of the various drugs available, and potential interactions. Clearly more short- and long-term studies are needed to improve differential treatment selection criteria for these patients which are difficult to treat. Among the aetiological factors, several neurochemical changes have been suggested to contribute to depression. In patients with traumatic brain injury, the role of norepinephrine and serotonine in promoting neurological recovery after brain lesions has been discussed. Recent neuroendocrine research has added data pointing to a more integrative approach. Acute and chronic stress as well as a number of psychiatric and neurological disorders are accompanied by profound disturbances of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system and recent studies suggest that stress-induced atrophy and loss of hippocampal neurons may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression.Antidepressants act through reinstatement of central corticosteroid receptor function, and additional studies showed that several different classes of antidepressants increase the proliferation of hippocampal cells into neurons.These findings suggest the possibility that increased cell proliferation and increased neuronal number may be a mechanism by which antidepressant treatment overcomes the stress-induced atrophy and loss of hippocampal neurons and may contribute to the therapeutic action of antidepressant treatment. Full article

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Open AccessReview

Neurobiologische Aspekte von Schlafstörungen

by M. Hatzinger

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 422-430; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01433 - 1 Jan 2003

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 33

Abstract

Human sleep which can be measured by polysomnography consists of two major states, the Rapid-Eye-Movement (REM) sleep and the non- REM sleep [...]
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Open AccessArticle

Neuroimaging in mood disorders

by E. Seifritz

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 414-421; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01437 - 1 Jan 2003

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 41

Abstract

The neural basis of mood disorders is still incompletely understood. Syndromes classified as mood disorders are composed of broad and quite inhomogeneous combinations of a multitude of psychological and physical signs and symptoms, which typically vary across time, are modified by comorbid conditions, [...] Read more.

The neural basis of mood disorders is still incompletely understood. Syndromes classified as mood disorders are composed of broad and quite inhomogeneous combinations of a multitude of psychological and physical signs and symptoms, which typically vary across time, are modified by comorbid conditions, personality traits, sociocultural background and genetic factors. While many effective therapy options exist, still a large proportion of patients with depression and related disorders do not sufficiently respond to treatment. In addition, there is a lack of information that could help to clearly identify patient-related factors optimising individual treatments.The emergence of brain imaging technologies during the past decades is leading to a rapidly growing data-base providing sophisticated information about the neuroanatomy of mood disorders. The currently available information from neuroimaging studies in mood disorders starts to converge into some generalizable patterns of structural and functional brain changes. Although some inconsistencies exist between cross-sectional neuroimaging studies, an increased prevalence of white matter and periventricular hyperintensities appears to be associated with mood disorders. In addition, neuroimaging studies suggest structural and functional alterations in prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex, the amygdala, hippocampus and other portions within the limbic system,and in the basal ganglia.These areas receive rich serotonergic,noradrenergic and dopaminergic projections and play a central role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical system. Both are fundamental to current conceptions of antidepressant drug action. Some of these cross-sectional changes appear to be associated with severity and/or duration of the illness, and with outcome during treatment. For example, antidepressants appear to have a protective effect on hippocampal volume loss in major depression, a finding that relates to the capacity of antidepressants to normalise the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical system and to reduce the level of corticosteroids, which in turn can be toxic to hippocampal neurons. It is unquestioned that neuroimaging approaches represent a promising lead in understanding the neural basis of mood disorders. Future directions of brain imaging research in such complex diseases, however, should attempt to more directly associate structural, resting state metabolic and task-dependent functional changes, both in cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of brain circuits that are specifically associated with certain aspects of the disease provides particularly useful information for translational research, which will foster novel hypotheses that are mutually testable in clinical and preclinical settings. Notably, the available evidence summarized in this article is based on group studies, which do not allow to draw inferences for individual patients. One of the long-term perspectives is that patterns of specific dysfunctional brain activity may be used to select and optimise individually tailor-made treatments. The non-invasiveness and increasing technical sophistication of brain imaging techniques and the synergistic combination of them,keeping in mind the many caveats also briefly outlined in this article, and securing a careful control of clinical and other possible confounds, hold great promise for this challenge. Full article

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Open AccessEditorial

Klinische Neurowissenschaften

by Andreas J. Steck und Daniel Hell

Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2003, 154(8), 413; https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2003.01436 - 1 Jan 2003

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Abstract

In den letzten Jahren waren in der Hirnforschung aussergewöhnlich grosse Fortschritte zu verzeichnen [...]
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Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother., Volume 154, Issue 8 (01 2003) – 17 articles

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