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Volume 7
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10.3390/pr7100715
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Article

Production Process and Optimization of Solid Bioethanol from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

by
Nurfahmi
1,2,
M. Mofijur
3,*,
Hwai Chyuan Ong
1,3,*,
Badrul Mohamed Jan
1,
Fitranto Kusumo
4,
Abdi Hanra Sebayang
5,
Hazlina Husin
6,
Arridina Susan Silitonga
5,
Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
3 and
S. M. Ashrafur Rahman
7
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
2
SMK SMTI Banda Aceh, Ministry of Industry, Aceh 23123, Indonesia
3
School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
4
Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan 20155, Indonesia
6
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
7
Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2019, 7(10), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100715
Submission received: 8 August 2019 / Revised: 1 October 2019 / Accepted: 3 October 2019 / Published: 8 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Biomass Fractionation)
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Abstract

This study aimed to observe the potential of solid bioethanol as an alternative fuel with high caloric value. The solid bioethanol was produced from liquid bioethanol, which was obtained from the synthesis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (PEFBs) through the delignification process by using organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted using enzyme (60 FPUg−1 of cellulose) at a variety of temperatures (35 °C, 70 °C, and 90 °C) and reaction times (2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h) in order to obtain a high sugar yield. The highest sugars were yielded at the temperature of 90 °C for 48 h (152.51 mg/L). Furthermore, fermentation was conducted using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioethanol yield after fermentation was 62.29 mg/L. Bioethanol was extracted by distillation process to obtain solid bioethanol. The solid bioethanol was produced by using stearic acid as the additive. In order to get high-quality solid bioethanol, the calorific value was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) model. This model provided the factor variables of bioethanol concentration (vol %), stearic acid (g), and bioethanol (mL) with a minus result error. The highest calorific value was obtained with 7 g stearic acid and 5 mL bioethanol (43.17 MJ/kg). Burning time was tested to observe the quality of the solid bioethanol. The highest calorific value resulted in the longest burning time. The solid bioethanol has a potential as solid fuel due to the significantly higher calorific value compared to the liquid bioethanol.
Keywords: bioethanol production; organosolv pretreatment; enzyme hydrolysis; solid bioethanol; response surface methodology; calorific value bioethanol production; organosolv pretreatment; enzyme hydrolysis; solid bioethanol; response surface methodology; calorific value

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nurfahmi; Mofijur, M.; Ong, H.C.; Jan, B.M.; Kusumo, F.; Sebayang, A.H.; Husin, H.; Silitonga, A.S.; Mahlia, T.M.I.; Rahman, S.M.A. Production Process and Optimization of Solid Bioethanol from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes 2019, 7, 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100715

AMA Style

Nurfahmi, Mofijur M, Ong HC, Jan BM, Kusumo F, Sebayang AH, Husin H, Silitonga AS, Mahlia TMI, Rahman SMA. Production Process and Optimization of Solid Bioethanol from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes. 2019; 7(10):715. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100715

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurfahmi, M. Mofijur, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Badrul Mohamed Jan, Fitranto Kusumo, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Hazlina Husin, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, and S. M. Ashrafur Rahman. 2019. "Production Process and Optimization of Solid Bioethanol from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil Using Response Surface Methodology" Processes 7, no. 10: 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100715

APA Style

Nurfahmi, Mofijur, M., Ong, H. C., Jan, B. M., Kusumo, F., Sebayang, A. H., Husin, H., Silitonga, A. S., Mahlia, T. M. I., & Rahman, S. M. A. (2019). Production Process and Optimization of Solid Bioethanol from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes, 7(10), 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100715

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