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Volume 13
Issue 5
10.3390/pr13051461
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Porous Zn Nano-Wafer Aerogels for Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Synthesis, Structural Engineering, and Performance

by
Ramya Ramkumar
1,†,
Ganesh Koyyada
1,†,
Md Riad Al Rabbi Abir
1,
Thirumala Rao Gurugubelli
2,
Woo Kyoung Kim
1,* and
Jae Hong Kim
1,*
1
School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Physics, School of Sciences & Humanities, SR University, Warangal 506371, Telangana, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Processes 2025, 13(5), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051461 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 1 April 2025 / Revised: 26 April 2025 / Accepted: 8 May 2025 / Published: 10 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Innovation in Chemical Plant Design)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Transition metal oxide aerogels (AGLs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their exceptional properties, including high surface area, significant porosity, and ultralow density. In this study, we report the first-time synthesis of zinc oxide nano-wafers and zinc aerogels for application as supercapacitor electrodes. The aerogels were synthesized via a novel one-pot hydrolysis method using NaBH4 as a reducing agent and subsequently annealed at 200 °C (ZnAGL(200)) and 450 °C (ZnAGL(450)) to investigate the influence of temperature on their electrochemical properties. Structural and morphological characterizations were conducted using XRD, FTIR, BET, XPS, SEM, and TEM analyses. Among the fabricated electrodes, the aerogel annealed at 200 °C (ZnAGL(200)) exhibited superior energy storage performance, attributed to its amorphous, continuous network structure, which enhanced its surface area and reduced its density compared to both the as-synthesized (ZnAGL(RT)) and 450 °C-annealed (ZnAGL(450)) counterparts. A two-electrode device demonstrated excellent cycling stability over 10,000 cycles, achieving an energy density of 7.97 Wh/kg and a power density of 15 kW/kg. These findings highlight the potential of zinc aerogels as materials for next-generation lightweight energy storage systems, with promising applications in industrial, mechanical, and aerospace technologies.
Keywords: zinc oxide; aerogels; supercapacitor; nickel foam zinc oxide; aerogels; supercapacitor; nickel foam

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ramkumar, R.; Koyyada, G.; Rabbi Abir, M.R.A.; Gurugubelli, T.R.; Kim, W.K.; Kim, J.H. Porous Zn Nano-Wafer Aerogels for Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Synthesis, Structural Engineering, and Performance. Processes 2025, 13, 1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051461

AMA Style

Ramkumar R, Koyyada G, Rabbi Abir MRA, Gurugubelli TR, Kim WK, Kim JH. Porous Zn Nano-Wafer Aerogels for Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Synthesis, Structural Engineering, and Performance. Processes. 2025; 13(5):1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051461

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramkumar, Ramya, Ganesh Koyyada, Md Riad Al Rabbi Abir, Thirumala Rao Gurugubelli, Woo Kyoung Kim, and Jae Hong Kim. 2025. "Porous Zn Nano-Wafer Aerogels for Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Synthesis, Structural Engineering, and Performance" Processes 13, no. 5: 1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051461

APA Style

Ramkumar, R., Koyyada, G., Rabbi Abir, M. R. A., Gurugubelli, T. R., Kim, W. K., & Kim, J. H. (2025). Porous Zn Nano-Wafer Aerogels for Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Synthesis, Structural Engineering, and Performance. Processes, 13(5), 1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051461

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