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Volume 13
Issue 1
10.3390/pr13010241
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Article

Remaining Oil Distribution and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms Through Multi-Well Water and Gas Injection in Weathered Crust Reservoirs

by
Yuegang Wang
1,2,
Wanjiang Guo
2,*,
Gangzheng Sun
2,
Xu Zhou
3,
Junzhang Lin
2,
Mingshan Ding
2,
Zhaoqin Huang
3,* and
Yingchang Cao
1,*
1
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
2
Shengli Oilfield Company, Sinopec, Dongying 257000, China
3
School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(1), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010241
Submission received: 29 December 2024 / Revised: 9 January 2025 / Accepted: 13 January 2025 / Published: 15 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Flow, and Efficient Development Methodology and Technology in Unconventional Reservoirs (2nd Edition))
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Abstract

Weathered crust karst reservoirs with intricately interconnected fractures and caves are common but challenging enhanced oil recovery (EOR) targets. This paper investigated the remaining oil distribution rules, formation mechanisms, and EOR methods through physical experiments on acrylic models resembling the geological features of weathered crust reservoirs. Acrylic models with precision dimensions and morphologies were fabricated using laser etching technology. By comparing experiments under different cave filling modes and production well locations, it was shown that a higher cave filling extent led to poorer bottom water flooding recovery due to stronger flow resistance but slower rising water cut owing to continued production from the filling medium. Multi-well water and gas injection achieved higher incremental oil recovery by alternating injection–production arrangements to establish new displacement channels and change drive energy. Gas injection recovered more attic remaining oil from upper cave regions, while subsequent water injection helped wash the residual oil in the filling medium. The findings reveal the significant effects of fracture cave morphological configuration and connectivity on remaining oil distribution. This study provides new insights and guidance for EOR design optimization catering to the unique features of weathered crust karst fractured vuggy reservoirs.
Keywords: weathered crust reservoir; bottom water flooding; multi-well injection; remaining oil distribution; oil displacement mechanism weathered crust reservoir; bottom water flooding; multi-well injection; remaining oil distribution; oil displacement mechanism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, Y.; Guo, W.; Sun, G.; Zhou, X.; Lin, J.; Ding, M.; Huang, Z.; Cao, Y. Remaining Oil Distribution and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms Through Multi-Well Water and Gas Injection in Weathered Crust Reservoirs. Processes 2025, 13, 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010241

AMA Style

Wang Y, Guo W, Sun G, Zhou X, Lin J, Ding M, Huang Z, Cao Y. Remaining Oil Distribution and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms Through Multi-Well Water and Gas Injection in Weathered Crust Reservoirs. Processes. 2025; 13(1):241. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010241

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yuegang, Wanjiang Guo, Gangzheng Sun, Xu Zhou, Junzhang Lin, Mingshan Ding, Zhaoqin Huang, and Yingchang Cao. 2025. "Remaining Oil Distribution and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms Through Multi-Well Water and Gas Injection in Weathered Crust Reservoirs" Processes 13, no. 1: 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010241

APA Style

Wang, Y., Guo, W., Sun, G., Zhou, X., Lin, J., Ding, M., Huang, Z., & Cao, Y. (2025). Remaining Oil Distribution and Enhanced Oil Recovery Mechanisms Through Multi-Well Water and Gas Injection in Weathered Crust Reservoirs. Processes, 13(1), 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010241

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