The Pursuit of Energy Reduction in Generation of Stable Nanobubbles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Generation Setup
2.2. Media Preparation
2.3. Experiment 1: Usability Study of Common Hydrodynamic Criteria for the Generation of Bubbles in Various Liquids
2.4. Experiment 2: Nanobubble Stability Assessment in Non-Ionic Surfactant Solutions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experiment 1
3.2. Experiment 2
3.2.1. Does the Duration of the Generation of Bubbles in Our Generation Setup Affect the Stability of Nanobubbles in the Presence of Different Concentrations of P-123 Surfactant for the Constant Rotation Rate of the Impeller?
3.2.2. How Does the Change in the Rotation Rate of the Impeller Affect the Stability of Nanobubbles for Constant Generation Time for Pluronic P-123?
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Ca | Capillary number, (-) |
CMC | Critical micellar concentration, (g/dm3) |
CXTAB | Alkyl trimethylammonium bromide |
d | Diameter of a impeller, (m) |
d32 | Sauter diameter of nanobubbles, (nm) |
dpore | Diameter of the membrane pore, (m) |
DLS | Dynamic Light Scattering |
Eo | Eötvös number, (-) |
g | Gravitational acceleration, (m/s2) |
n | Rotation rate of an impeller, (1/s) |
nmin | Minimal rotation rate of the impeller needed for needed for nanobubble generation, (1/s) |
Mo | Morton number, (-) |
NTA | Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis |
P-123 | Pluronic P-123 |
PEG | Poly(ethylene glycol) |
PPG | Poly(propylene glycol) |
R2 | Regression coefficient, [-] |
Re | Reynolds number, [-] |
RSSE | Residual sum of squares error, unit varies |
s | Solubility of gas in liquid, (ggas/100 gsolvent) |
SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulphate |
SLS | Static Light Scattering |
Surface-averaged velocity of the impeller, (m/s) | |
Greek letters: | |
Δ+ | Overestimation error, (-) |
Δ− | Underestimation error, (-) |
μ | Dynamic viscosity of a liquid, (Pa∙s) |
ρ | Density of a liquid, (kg/m3) |
σ | Surface tension between liquid and air, (N/m) |
Ratio of Sauter diameter and membrane pore diameter, (m/m) | |
Subscripts: | |
G | Corresponding to gas phase |
L | Corresponding to liquid phase |
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Liquid | Gas | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ethanol | nitrogen | 789 | 0.02239 | 0.001040 | 0.035 |
ethanol | carbon dioxide | 789 | 0.02239 | 0.001040 | 0.177 |
water | nitrogen | 997 | 0.07199 | 0.001002 | 0.019 |
water | carbon dioxide | 997 | 0.07199 | 0.001002 | 1.450 |
Liquid | Gas | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ethanol | nitrogen | 350 | 108 ± 54 | 0.0412 | 4.03 × 10−9 | 0.54 |
ethanol | carbon dioxide | 450 | 250 ± 89 | 0.0530 | 21.6 × 10−9 | 1.25 |
water | nitrogen | 400 | 118 ± 42 | 0.0471 | 1.89 × 10−9 | 0.59 |
water | carbon dioxide | 600 | 389 ± 40 | 0.0707 | 20.5 × 10−9 | 1.95 |
Correlation (Equation No.) | R2 | RSSE | Δ− | Δ+ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(7) | 0.999 | 1.58 × 10−3 [m/s] | 5.4% | 5.3% | |
(8) | 0.590 | 9.78 × 10−9 [-] | 127% | 28.1% | |
(9) | 0.804 | 5.41 × 10−1 [-] | 92.4% | 53.4% | |
(10) | 0.999 | 2.27 × 10−10 [-] | 2.8% | 2.7% | |
(11) | 0.999 | 2.24 × 10−2 [-] | 3.4% | 3.3% |
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Ulatowski, K.; Cecuga, A.; Sobieszuk, P. The Pursuit of Energy Reduction in Generation of Stable Nanobubbles. Processes 2023, 11, 2739. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092739
Ulatowski K, Cecuga A, Sobieszuk P. The Pursuit of Energy Reduction in Generation of Stable Nanobubbles. Processes. 2023; 11(9):2739. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092739
Chicago/Turabian StyleUlatowski, Karol, Andrzej Cecuga, and Paweł Sobieszuk. 2023. "The Pursuit of Energy Reduction in Generation of Stable Nanobubbles" Processes 11, no. 9: 2739. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092739