Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidative, Antiobesity, Antidiabetic and Antimicrobial Investigations of Artemisia scoparia Grown in Palestine

Abstract

Validating ethnobotanical data from underexplored traditional plant remedies provides an infinite source of new pharmaceutical chemicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition and several biological activities (antioxidant, anti-lipase, anti-α-amylase, anti-α-glucosidase, and antimicrobial) of aqueous, ethanol, hexane, and acetone Artemisia scoparia leaf extracts. An exhaustive technique was employed to extract A. scoparia four extracts. At the same time, standard analytical and biochemical assays were utilized to determine preliminary phytochemical screening, anti-DPPH, anti-lipase, anti-α-glucosidase, and anti-α-amylase activities. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effects against seven microbial strains were evaluated using a broth micro-dilution assay. Acetone A. scoparia extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging and anti-α-glucosidase activities (IC₅₀ = 21.87 ± 0.71, and 149.75 ± 1.33 µg/mL, respectively), as well as the ethanol extract, exhibited the highest anti-α-amylase activity (IC₅₀ = 251 ± 1.34 µg/mL) while the aqueous extract had the best anti-lipase activity (IC₅₀ = 102 ± 0.27 µg/mL) among other extracts. Moreover, A. scoparia hexane extract has more powerful activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin antibiotics with MICs of 0.78 ± 0.01, 0.39 ± 0.01, 0.78 ± 0.01, and 1.56 ± 0.22 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, hexane and acetone extracts of A. scoparia have the same antifungal power as Fluconazole (1.56 ± 0.22 µg/mL). The outcomes of the current study indicated that the A. scoparia acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts had promising antioxidant, anti-lipase, and anti-α-amylase effects, while hexane and acetone extracts had interesting antimicrobial potential. A. scoparia four extracts of potentially bioactive compounds can be selected for further isolation and purification. Moreover, clinical investigations and in vivo approaches should be implemented to confirm the pharmaceutical benefits of these extracts against diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, and microbial infections.

1. Introduction

Botanicals have a long history of therapeutic usage in various cultures, and numerous medications currently available in the pharmaceutical market are produced from plant origins [1]. Artemisia, usually referred to as wormwood, is the most extensively dispersed genus in the Compositae family, which has around 600 herbaceous and shrubby species [2].

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitam. is a perennial plant that has a distinct odor and is found in many Asian and Central European regions. It grows in the summer season after rains in desert places, along the roadside and stony terrain, on rural pathways, and in wastelands [3].

Several investigations have demonstrated that A. scoparia has hepatic-protective, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. A. scoparia contains terpenoids, phenolic acids, coumarin, chromones, steroids, essential oil, flavonoid glycosides, and free-state flavonoids, among other constituents [4].

Research into the traditional uses of Artemisia species has indicated that they are effective against diabetes, helminthiasis, malaria, and ulcers; in addition, they are used to treat tuberculosis, wound inflammation, and bronchitis [5].

The reactive oxygen species are chemically reactive ions that are produced as byproducts of primary metabolic processes. Excess reactive oxygen species/free radicals can oxidize DNA, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates resulting in illness and cellular injury.

Obesity is a global public health problem with major health and economic consequences. Being obese and overweight are risk factors for a variety of noncommunicable illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Each year, obesity-related non-communicable illnesses claim over 5 million lives worldwide, with over half happening in those under the age of 70 [6]. Due to the complex and chronic nature of being overweight and obese, both individuals and nations suffer economic consequences. The most obvious expense is the immediate healthcare involved in treating obesity-related disorders [7]. People who are obese are substantially more likely to utilize home healthcare services, have more outpatient appointments, be given more drugs, be hospitalized, and require surgery than individuals who are not obese [8].

Diabetes is a prevalent chronic condition in almost every country, which is associated with an increased risk of early mortality as well as consequences such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease [9]. Diabetes is also a financial burden on healthcare systems. Diabetes patients make more outpatient visits, use more drugs, are more likely to be hospitalized, and need emergency and long-term care than persons without the illness. In the United States, diabetics spend 2.5 times as much on medical care than non-diabetics [10].

Antibiotics have saved lives and improved the health of countless people throughout the globe by enabling the effective treatment of microbial illnesses. Many health organizations have raised concerns about the establishment and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Pathogens that are resistant to antimicrobial agents cause significant morbidity and mortality. There is a need for new, effective treatments as well as ways to prevent antibiotic resistance from developing [11].

Actually, there is a relationship between obesity, diabetes, oxidative stress, and infectious diseases. Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes because it is the primary inducer of low-level systemic inflammation. Immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress all contribute to metabolic abnormalities in insulin-sensitive tissues, culminating in insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging [12].

Therefore, the current study aims to identify the chemical constituents, anti-oxidative, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, and antimicrobial activities of A. scoparia by estimating the plant’s four extracts’ abilities to inhibit the free DPPH radical, pancreatic lipase, α-amylase enzyme, and several microbial species.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Plant Collection and Preparing

A. scoparia leaves were harvested in June 2021 in Palestine’s Nablus province. Dr. Nidal Jaradat performed botanical characterization in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory at An-Najah National University and stored the specimen under the herbarium voucher number (Pharm-PCT-240).

The leaves were washed and dried in the shade at a regulated humidity (55 ± 5 RH) and temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Afterward, the powdered leaf pieces were stored in airtight containers for future use.

2.2. The Exhaustive Extraction Method

The powdered A. scoparia material was separated sequentially using four solvents with increasing polarity: hexane (non-polar), acetone (polar-aprotic), ethanol, and water (polar-protic solvents). Approximately 25 g of powdered A. scoparia was steeped in 500 mL each of acetone, n-hexane, ethanol, and water, and each extract was shaken for 72 h at room temperature at a rate of 100 rounds per min. Each extract was kept for 7 days. Following that, the hexane, acetone, and ethanol extracts were filter-evaporated under specific vacuum settings using a rotavapor. A cryo-desiccator was used to lyophilize the aqueous A. scoparia extract. Finally, all crude plant extracts were kept at 4 °C until further usage in the refrigerator [13].

2.3. Preliminary Phytochemical Assessment

The ethanol, water, n-hexane, and acetone extracts of A. scoparia were tested for the presence of key natural phytochemical classes using the analytical techniques described previously [14,15].

2.4. Antioxidant Activity

To evaluate four plant fractions and Trolox (as a positive control), a concentration of 1 mg/mL in methanol was made first from A. scoparia plant extracts. The prepared solution was used to produce concentrations of 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 80 µg/mL. The DPPH reagent was then diluted in 0.002% w/v methanol and combined in a 1:1:1 ratio with the previously produced working concentrations. A blank solution of 100% methanol was used. All solutions were incubated at room temperature for 30 min in a dark environment. Their absorbance values were then determined using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer set at 517 nm. The antioxidant capacity of each plant fraction and Trolox were calculated using the following formula:

DPPH inhibition activity (%) = (Z − Y)/Z × 100%

where Z is the absorbance of the blank and Y is the absorbance of the sample.

BioDataFit version 1.02 was used to compute the antioxidant half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of each plant extract [16].

2.5. Porcine Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition Assay

The anti-lipase assay was performed in accordance with research by Bustanji et al., with slight modifications [17]. To summarize, a stock solution was made by diluting 1 mg/mL of each extract of A. scoparia with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide to get concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 700 μg/mL. Additionally, a stock solution of pancreatic lipase at a concentration of 1 mg/mL was combined with a Tris-HCl buffer solution. An amount of 20.9 mg of p-nitrophenyl butyrate was suspended in 2 mL of acetonitrile to make a stock solution. Then, 0.2 mL of plant extract was added to 0.1 mL of porcine pancreatic lipase enzyme (1 mg/mL). The resultant mixture was then diluted to 1 mL with Tri-HCL and maintained at 37 °C for 15 min. Following that, each working sample was added 0.1 mL of p-nitrophenyl butyrate. These mixes were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. The activity of pancreatic lipase was determined by estimating the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenolate to p-nitrophenol at a wavelength of 405 nm using a UV/Visible spectrophotometer. The same procedure was used as a positive control with Orlistat. Additionally, all samples were tested in duplicate.

2.6. α-Amylase Inhibitory Assay

Using McCue and Shetty’s modified procedure, this method was completed [18]. A 200 µL aliquot of each plant extract was added to a test tube along with 200 µL of 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) containing α-amylase solution (2 units/mL). After 10 min at 25 °C, 200 µL of 1% starch solution mixed with 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.9) was added at scheduled intervals and held for another 10 min at 25 °C. This reaction was halted by the addition of 200 µL of dinitrosalicylic acid after diluting the combinations with 5 mL distilled water. The absorbance at 540 nm was determined using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer. A control sample was generated using the same process but with distilled water in place of the plant extract. The inhibitory activity of -amylase was estimated as a percentage of inhibition using the equation below:

$$\% \mathrm{of} \mathrm{inhibition}=\frac{\left(Abs control-Abs plant fraction\right)}{Abs control}\times 100$$

(1)

The concentrations of plant extracts required to inhibit lipase enzyme activity by 50% (IC₅₀) were graphically determined. In addition, the same procedure was done using Acarbose, which was utilized as a positive control for α–amylase inhibitory action.

2.7. α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Assay

Plant extract (1 mg) was dissolved in phosphate buffer (1 mL) to prepare the stock solution. The obtained solution was diluted with phosphate buffer to attain various concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg/mL). Then, 20 μL of the FFM stock solution and α-glucosidase solution (1 unit/mL) were mixed with 50 μL of phosphate buffer and incubated at 37 °C in a water bath for 15 min. Thereafter, 20 μL of P-NPG solution was added and incubated for 20 min at 37 °C, into which 50 μL of 0.1 M Na₂CO₃ was added to terminate the reaction. The blank solution was prepared by replacing the FFM solution with phosphate buffer. Acarbose was used as a negative control and the absorbance was measured utilizing a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at 405 nm. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was calculated using the following formula:

$$\% \mathrm{of} \mathrm{inhibition}=\frac{\left(Abs control-Abs plant fraction\right)}{Abs control}\times 100$$

where I (%) is the percentage inhibition of α-glucosidase [19].

2.8. Antimicrobial Activity

The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using one fungal strain; Candida albicans (American type culture collection (ATCC 90028) and six bacterial strains five of which were ATCC; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia, (ATCC 13883), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 8427) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), in addition to a diagnostically confirmed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the antimicrobial activity of A. scoparia aqueous, acetone, hexane, and ethanol extracts was determined in this study using a micro-broth dilution assay. Briefly, each A. scoparia extract was dissolved in DMSO and distilled water at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. The produced solution was sterilized and then was serially micro-diluted (2 folds) 10 times in sterile Muller–Hinton (RPMI media for the C. albicans strain) broth. The dilution processes were performed under aseptic conditions in 96-well plates. In the micro-wells that were assigned to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the A. scoparia four extracts, micro-well number 11 contained A. scoparia extract-free media (inoculated), which was used as a positive control for microbial growth. On the other hand, micro-well number 12 contained extract-free media that was left un-inoculated with any of the test microbes; this well was used as a negative control for microbial growth. Micro-well numbers 1–11 were inoculated aseptically with the test microbes. Experiments were performed in triplicates. All the inoculated plates were incubated at 35 °C. The incubation period lasted for about 18–24 h for those plates inoculated with the test bacterial strains and for around 48 h for those plates inoculated with C. albicans. The lowest concentration of A. scoparia extract at which no visible microbial growth in that micro-well was considered as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the examined extract. Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin were used as a reference antibacterial activity control to our method, while Fluconazole was used as a reference antifungal activity control [20].

2.9. Statistical Analysis

The antioxidant, anti-lipase, anti-α-amylase, and anti-α-glucosidase experiments of A. scoparia four extracts were repeated in triplicates, and the results were represented as means with standard deviation; a result was judged significant when the p-value was 0.05. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare the data.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Qualitative Phytochemical Tests

Qualitative phytochemical analysis results revealed the presence of terpenoids and flavonoid groups in the A. scoparia hexane extract. While reducing sugars, phenols, terpenoids, and flavonoids were identified in A. scoparia acetone extract. Moreover, we found that the A. scoparia aqueous extract contains carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins, phenol, tannins, and flavonoids. While we did not find any of the tested groups in A. scoparia ethanol extract, as presented in

Table 1. Antioxidant, anti-lipase, anti-α-amylase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities IC₅₀ values (µg/mL) of Artemisia scoparia four extracts and positive controls.

IC50 Values (µg/mL), ±SD
Extracts	DPPH	Lipase	α-Amylase	α-Glucosidase
Hexane	630.9 ± 0.97	112 × 103 ± 0.54	31 × 103 ± 1.24	430.42 ± 2.12
Acetone	21.87 ± 0.71	794 ± 0.11	1258 ± 1.51	149.75 ± 1.33
Ethanol	158.48 ± 1.0	389 ± 0.19	251 ± 1.34	306.30 ± 1.43
Aqueous	794.32 ± 3.28	102 ± 0.27	398 ± 3.44	515.48 ± 1.57
Positive controls	6.02 ± 0.5 a	12.8 ± 0.94 b	31.6 ± 1.22 c	44.81 ± 1.32 c

^a Trolox, ^b Orlistat, ^c Acarbose (p-value < 0.05).

.

3.2. Antioxidant Activity

The antioxidants’ effect on DPPH is believed to be related to their hydrogen-donating capability. Scavenging activities for free radicals are critical for preventing the detrimental effects of free radicals in a variety of disorders, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases [21]. DPPH assay is considered an easy, valid accurate, and economic assay to estimate the radical scavenging activity of antioxidants. Free radical scavenging using DPPH is a well-established method for determining the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. In the DPPH assessment, a violet-colored DPPH solution is converted to a yellow-colored product, diphenylpicryl hydrazine, by a concentration-dependent addition of the extract [22]. Our results revealed that the A. scoparia four extracts have free radical scavenging activity compared to standard Trolox as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.

A study conducted by Harminder Pal et al. found that the essential oil extracted from the A. scoparia plant exhibited a strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity against hydroxyl ion (OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) [23]. Komal et al. reported that A. scoparia plant ethanolic extract exhibited potential DPPH scavenging (45.82%) reduction potential and total antioxidant capacity [24]. These reported studies are in agreement with our investigation, which showed that A. scoparia has potent antioxidant activity.

3.3. Anti-lipase Activity

Pancreatic lipase, in combination with pancreatic co-lipase and bile, speeds up dietary triglyceride absorption from the small intestine to the enterocytes, where it accounts for 90–95% of total ingested fat. Obesity may be averted if the first flow of triglycerides from the intestinal lumen is inhibited. Orlistat is the most commonly used antiobesity medication. It is a hydrogenated derivative of lipstatin derived from Streptomyces toxitricini. It is a potent inhibitor of gastric, pancreatic, and carboxyl ester lipase and has been shown to be effective in treating human obesity by reducing fat absorption by 35% [25]. The results of the current study showed that the aqueous extract has the highest anti-lipase effect followed by ethanol extract compared with Orlistat with IC₅₀ doses of 102 ± 0.27, 389 ± 0.19 and 12.8 ± 0.94 µg/mL, respectively, as illustrated in Table 1 and Figure 2.

3.4. Anti-α-Amylase Activity

Molecular pathways govern the regulation of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes, making it one of the most chronic illnesses. Type 2 diabetes is more frequent and may manifest itself at any age [26]. Sugar levels in the blood rise as a sign of type 2 diabetes because the body is resistant to insulin. Sugar levels in the blood are governed by the activity of digestive enzymes that break down starch, such as α-amylase. α-Amylase catalyzes the digestion of long-chain carbohydrates, including starch, amylose, and amylopectin into glucose [27]. This causes glucose to enter the bloodstream. Because α-amylase activity may be inhibited, it can lower blood sugar levels, which is a potential strategy for managing diabetes [28]. Antioxidants and the inhibition of α-amylase are two possible therapy options for type 2 diabetes.

According to results described in Figure 3. all the extracts demonstrated α-amylase inhibitory activity, and the highest activity was noticed in the A. scoparia ethanol extract followed by the water extract compared with the positive control Acarbose with IC₅₀ doses of 251 ± 1.34, 398 ± 3.44, and 31.6 ± 1.22 µg/mL. Actually, other A. scoparia extracts showed negligible α-amylase inhibitory activity, as presented in Table 1.

3.5. α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

According to the results described in Figure 4, all the extracts demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and the highest activity was noticed in the A. scoparia acetone extract followed by the ethanol extract compared with the positive control Acarbose with IC₅₀ doses of 149.75 ± 1.33, 306.30 ± 1.43, and 44.81 ± 1.32 µg/mL, respectively. Actually, other A. scoparia extracts showed negligible α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, as presented in Table 1.

3.6. Antimicrobial Activity

During this study, the establishment of the MIC was evaluated by assessing the inhibitory power of the A. scoparia four extracts against the selected six bacterial and one fungal strain (

Table 2. Antimicrobial activity minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (µg/mL) of Artemisia scoparia four extracts and antibiotics. Values are the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments.

	Gram-Positive		Gram-Negative				Yeast
ATCC Number	Clinical Strain	ATCC 25923	ATCC 25922	ATCC 13883	ATCC 8427	ATCC 9027	ATCC 90028
A. scoparia/Microbes	MRSA	S. aureus	E. coli	K. pneumoniae	P. vulgaris	P. aeruginosa	C. albicans
Hexane	0.78 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.01	R	R	0.78 ± 0.01	1.56 ± 0.22	1.56 ± 0.22
Acetone	1.56 ± 0.15	0.78 ± 0.01	R	R	0.78 ± 0.02	3.125 ± 0.07	1.56 ± 0.22
Ethanol	R	R	R	R	R	R	R
Water	R	R	R	R	R	R	R
Ciprofloxacin	12.5 ± 0.91	0.78 ± 0.01	1.56 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.01	15 ± 1.21	3.12 ± 0.06	-
Ampicillin	R	25 ± 1.11	3.12 ± 0.11	1.25 ± 0.03	18 ± 1.66	R	-
Fluconazole	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.56 ± 0.24

R: Resistance.

). The broth micro-dilution assay was employed for this mission. However, Table 2 revealed that the A. scoparia hexane and acetone extracts have potent and remarkable antimicrobial activities against MRSA, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, while E. coli and K. pneumonia were resistant to both extracts. Moreover, ethanol and aqueous extracts were ineffective against all the screened microbial strains. The hexane extract has more potent activity against MRSA, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, and P. aeruginosa than Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin antibiotics, with MICs of 0.78 ± 0.01, 0.39 ± 0.01, 0.78 ± 0.01, and 1.56 ± 0.22 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, hexane and acetone extracts of the A. scoparia plant have the same antifungal power as Fluconazole (1.56 ± 0.22 µg/mL). These results indicate that the hexane and acetone extracts have potent antimicrobial activity and can be employed as potential candidates for manufacturing natural antimicrobial agents.

Jeong-Dan, et al. study revealed that A. scoparia essential oil exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against several oral bacterial strains, including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus ratti, Streptococcus criceti, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacteriumnucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphylomonasgingivalis. The reference strains used in this study were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes [4].

In addition, Hanan Y et al. reported that the essential oil of A. scoparia exhibited a potential antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, E. xiangfangensis, and C. albicans (0.2 ± 0.3, 3.0 ± 0.1 and 0.1 ± 0.5 μg/mL, respectively), with inhibition values higher than the positive control broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs Erythromycin, Amikacin, and Itraconazole, 2.0 ± 1.0, 9.0 ± 4.0 and 0.29 ± 0.6 μg/mL, respectively [29]. Actually, Ramezani et al. evaluated the antimicrobial effects of A. scoparia methanol extract. They found that it had potential effects against Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus, while against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, it had resistance similar to our study [30]. All of these investigations agree with our results, as the hexane and acetone extracts of A. scoparia plant leaves exhibited potential antibacterial and antifungal effects.

Previous investigations revealed that A. scoparia contains a mixture of essential oils and camphor (11.0%), 1,8-cineole (21.5%), and β-caryophyllene (6.8%) were the major compounds [4]. In addition, A. scoparia is a rich plant in coumarins including scoparone, scopoletin, and esculetin [31].

Moreover, numerous kinds of flavonoids were isolated and identified in A. scoparia, such as rutin, flavanones, and cirsmaritin. However, flavonoids are extensively studied for various bioactivities and have a wide range of effects in many biological systems. As a representative example, cirsmaritin has been shown to have anticarcinogenic, anti-metastatic, and antiproliferative effects in tumor cell lines, diabetes- and metabolism-related impacts, as well as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory characteristics [32].

In addition, previous investigations revealed that A. scoparia contains phenolic acids, including chlorogenic, 3,5-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic, and prenylated coumaric acids [33,34].

All these investigations showed that A. scoparia contains a mixture of a wide range of biologically active molecules.

Our qualitative phytochemical screening showed that acetone and aqueous extracts contain bioactive phytochemical classes such as phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Therefore, these extracts have potential DPPH scavenging, anti-lipase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities.

Moreover, A. scoparia hexane extract contains essential oils (terpenoids), and as shown in previous studies, the major A. scoparia essential oils were camphor and 1,8-cineole. Both these compounds have potential antimicrobial effects [35,36,37].

4. Conclusions

Our study is the first investigation of the antilipase and anti-α-amylase capacities of A. scoparia leaves extracts. Among fractions, acetone A. scoparia extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging ability, and the ethanol extract exhibited the highest anti-α-amylase activity, while the aqueous extract had the best anti-lipase activity. Moreover, A. scoparia hexane extract has powerful activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa than Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin antibiotics. In addition, hexane and acetone extracts of A. scoparia have the same antifungal power as the commercial antifungal medication fluconazole. A. scoparia four extracts can be selected for the further isolation and purification of potentially bioactive compounds. Moreover, clinical investigations and in vivo approaches should be implemented to confirm the pharmaceutical benefits of A. scoparia four extracts against diabetes, obesity, and oxidative stress. Additionally, the study’s results indicated that the acetone and hexane A. scoparia extracts might be utilized to generate efficient natural antimicrobial therapies for use in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries.