Measuring the Uptake of Growth Monitoring and Nutrition Promotion among under-5 Children: Findings from the Rwanda Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Sampling Design
2.3. Selection and Measurement of Variables
Outcome
2.4. Explanatory Variables
2.5. Ethical Consideration
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n (%) | Prevalence of under-5 Growth Monitoring and Nutrition Promotion (95% Confidence Interval) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Mother’s age (years) | <0.001 * | ||
15–24 | 1287 (15.9) | 27.8 (24.9–30.8) | |
25–34 | 3949 (48.8) | 33.9 (32.0–35.9) | |
35+ | 2856 (35.3) | 38.3 (35.8–40.8) | |
Family motility | <0.001 * | ||
<5 years | 2791 (34.5) | 26.9 (24.8–29.1) | |
5+ years (native) | 5301 (65.5) | 38.4 (36.6–40.2) | |
Mother’s education | <0.001 * | ||
No formal education | 918 (11.3) | 44.8 (40.5–49.2) | |
Primary | 5277 (65.2) | 35.3 (33.6–37.1) | |
Secondary+ | 1897 (23.4) | 26.5 (24.0–29.1) | |
Mother read newspaper | 0.605 | ||
No | 6528 (80.7) | 33.9 (32.4–35.5) | |
Yes | 1564 (19.3) | 34.8 (31.8–8.0) | |
Mother listen to radio | 0.150 | ||
No | 1935 (23.9) | 32.2 (29.5–35.1) | |
Yes | 6157 (76.1) | 34.7 (33.1–36.3) | |
Mother watch tv | 0.395 | ||
No | 4946 (61.1) | 34.6 (32.8–36.4) | |
Yes | 3146 (38.9) | 33.3 (31.2–35.6) | |
Covered by health insurance | <0.001 * | ||
No | 1523 (18.8) | 26.7 (23.7 to 29.9) | |
Yes | 6569 (81.2) | 35.7 (34.2 to 37.2) | |
Mother’s marital status | <0.001 * | ||
Never in union | 719 (8.9) | 22.1 (18.1–26.6) | |
Currently in union/living with a man | 6734 (83.2) | 35.6 (34.1–37.1) | |
Formerly in union | 639 (7.9) | 29.3 (24.2–34.9) | |
Currently pregnant | 0.295 | ||
No or unsure | 7568 (93.5) | 34.0 (32.6–35.4) | |
Yes | 524 (6.5) | 38.3 (30.5–46.9) | |
Currently breastfeeding | 0.335 | ||
No | 2967 (36.7) | 31.2 (25.5–37.4) | |
Yes | 5125 (63.3) | 34.3 (32.9–35.7) | |
Mother’s employment status | <0.001 * | ||
Not employed | 2009 (24.8) | 29.6 (27.2–32.2) | |
Employed | 6083 (75.2) | 35.9 (34.2–37.5) | |
Child’s age (months) | <0.001 * | ||
0–11 | 1618 (20.0) | 29.1 (26.9–31.4) | |
12–23 | 1633 (20.2) | 36.4 (34.1–38.8) | |
24–35 | 1643 (20.3) | 35.7 (30.3–41.5) | |
36–47 | 1633 (20.2) | 35.3 (31.4–39.3) | |
48–59 | 1565 (19.3) | 39.6 (35.7–43.7) | |
Sex of child | 0.205 | ||
Male | 4095 (50.6) | 33.2 (31.3–35.2) | |
Female | 3997 (49.4) | 35.0 (33.1–37.0) | |
Preceding birth interval | <0.001 * | ||
<2 years | 867 (10.7) | 34.9 (30.9–39.2) | |
2–4 year | 3618 (44.7) | 38.1 (36.0–40.2) | |
5+ years | 1527 (18.9) | 34.3 (31.0–37.7) | |
First born | 2080 (25.7) | 27.2 (24.9–30.0) | |
Place of delivery | 0.844 | ||
Health facility | 7663 (94.7) | 34.1 (32.7–35.6) | |
Home | 429 (5.3) | 33.4 (27.5–40.0) | |
Birthweight | 0.333 | ||
Low (<2.5 kg) | 541 (7.1) | 31.7 (26.4–37.4) | |
Normal (≥2.5 kg) | 7118 (92.9) | 34.5 (33.1–36.0) | |
Sex of household head | <0.001 * | ||
Male | 6257 (77.3) | 35.4 (33.8–36.9) | |
Female | 1835 (22.7) | 29.2 (26.3–32.2) | |
Household wealth quintiles | <0.001 * | ||
Poorest | 2007 (24.8) | 37.3 (34.5–40.1) | |
Poorer | 1569 (19.4) | 39.2 (36.1–42.3) | |
Middle | 1518 (18.8) | 36.9 (33.7–40.3) | |
Richer | 1510 (18.7) | 33.0 (29.9–36.2) | |
Richest | 1488 (18.4) | 22.1 (19.3–25.1) | |
Residential status | <0.001 * | ||
Urban | 1702 (21.0) | 19.9 (17.4–22.7) | |
Rural | 6390 (79.0) | 37.5 (36.0–39.1) | |
Geographical region | <0.001 * | ||
Kigali | 948 (11.7) | 14.7 (12.0–18.0) | |
South | 1853 (22.9) | 40.8 (37.8–43.8) | |
West | 2069 (25.6) | 46.6 (43.8–49.3) | |
North | 1282 (15.8) | 37.3 (33.7–41.0) | |
East | 1940 (24.0) | 20.4 (18.1–23.0) | |
Household size | 0.107 | ||
1–4 | 3084 (38.1) | 32.4 (30.1–34.7) | |
5–6 | 3154 (39.0) | 35.8 (33.6–38.0) | |
7+ | 1854 (22.9) | 33.8 (31.1–36.6) |
Variable | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | p |
---|---|---|
Mother’s age (years) | ||
15–24 | RC | |
25–34 | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 0.659 |
35+ | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 0.743 |
Family motility | ||
<5 years | RC | |
5+ years (native) | 1.33 (1.14–1.56) | <0.001 * |
Mother’s education | ||
No formal education | RC | |
Primary | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 0.010 * |
Secondary+ | 0.83 (0.63–1.09) | 0.176 |
Covered by health insurance | ||
No | RC | |
Yes | 1.71 (1.42–2.07) | <0.001 * |
Mother’s marital status | ||
Never in union | RC | |
Currently in union/living with a man | 1.66 (1.21–2.26) | 0.001 * |
Formerly in union | 1.34 (0.91–1.98) | 0.144 |
Mother’s employment status | ||
Not employed | RC | |
Employed | 1.17 (1.01–1.36) | 0.037 * |
Child’s age (months) | ||
0–11 | RC | |
12–23 | 1.44 (1.23–1.69) | <0.001 * |
24–35 | 1.34 (1.01–1.78) | 0.043 * |
36–47 | 1.30 (1.04–1.62) | 0.019 * |
48–59 | 1.45 (1.17–1.81) | 0.001 * |
Preceding birth interval | ||
<2 years | RC | |
2–4 year | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | 0.600 |
5+ years | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) | 0.934 |
First born | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.159 |
Sex of household head | ||
Male | RC | |
Female | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 0.655 |
Household wealth quintiles | ||
Poorest | RC | |
Poorer | 1.02 (0.84–0.23) | 0.865 |
Middle | 0.96 (0.79–1.18) | 0.706 |
Richer | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 0.896 |
Richest | 0.74 (0.56–0.96) | 0.023 |
Residential status | ||
Urban | RC | |
Rural | 1.79 (1.44–2.23) | <0.001 * |
Geographical region | ||
Kigali | RC | |
South | 2.46 (1.83–3.30) | <0.001 * |
West | 3.17 (2.39–4.22) | <0.001 * |
North | 2.03 (1.49–2.78) | <0.001 * |
East | 0.89 (0.66–1.22) | 0.478 |
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Ekholuenetale, M.; Barrow, A.; Wegbom, A.I.; Arora, A. Measuring the Uptake of Growth Monitoring and Nutrition Promotion among under-5 Children: Findings from the Rwanda Population-Based Study. Children 2022, 9, 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111758
Ekholuenetale M, Barrow A, Wegbom AI, Arora A. Measuring the Uptake of Growth Monitoring and Nutrition Promotion among under-5 Children: Findings from the Rwanda Population-Based Study. Children. 2022; 9(11):1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111758
Chicago/Turabian StyleEkholuenetale, Michael, Amadou Barrow, Anthony Ike Wegbom, and Amit Arora. 2022. "Measuring the Uptake of Growth Monitoring and Nutrition Promotion among under-5 Children: Findings from the Rwanda Population-Based Study" Children 9, no. 11: 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111758
APA StyleEkholuenetale, M., Barrow, A., Wegbom, A. I., & Arora, A. (2022). Measuring the Uptake of Growth Monitoring and Nutrition Promotion among under-5 Children: Findings from the Rwanda Population-Based Study. Children, 9(11), 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111758