Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Associated Diet-Related Behaviours and Habits in a Representative Sample of Adolescents in Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data on Anthropometry and Classification of Body Mass Index
2.2. Diet-Related Behaviours and Food Consumption
2.3. Other Variables
2.4. Missing Values
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender, n (%) | |
Boys | 1898 (49.7%) |
Girls | 1918 (50.3%) |
Age Group, n (%) | |
11-years-old | 1216 (31.9%) |
13-years-old | 1299 (34.0%) |
15-years-old | 1301 (34.1%) |
Region/municipality, n (%) | |
Attica | 1427 (37.4%) |
Thessaloniki | 557 (14.6%) |
Other | 1832 (48.0%) |
Place of birth, n (%) | |
Greece | 3675 (96.3%) |
Other | 141 (3.7%) |
Grade, n (%) | |
6th | 1241 (32.5%) |
8th | 1307 (34.3%) |
10th | 1268 (33.2%) |
Family Affluence scale (FAS) score a, n (%) | |
Low 20% affluence | 545 (14.6%) |
Middle 60% affluence | 2392 (64.0%) |
High 20% affluence | 803 (21.4%) |
Underweight (%) | Normalweight (%) | Overweight (%) | Obese (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
All ages (n = 3816) | ||||
Total | 3.5% | 71.8% | 19.4% | 5.3% |
Boys | 3.2% | 65.4% | 24.1% | 7.3% |
Girls | 3.7% | 78.2% | 14.7% | 3.4% |
11-year-olds (n = 1216) | ||||
Total | 5.0% | 67.7% | 21.6% | 5.7% |
Boys | 3.7% | 63.0% | 26.1% | 7.2% |
Girls | 6.4% | 72.3% | 17.1% | 4.2% |
13-year-olds (n = 1299) | ||||
Total | 3.9% | 71.3% | 19.9% | 4.9% |
Boys | 4.2% | 66.2% | 23.0% | 6.6% |
Girls | 3.5% | 76.3% | 16.8% | 3.4% |
15-year-olds (n = 1301) | ||||
Total | 1.6% | 76.1% | 16.9% | 5.4% |
Boys | 1.8% | 66.7% | 23.4% | 8.1% |
Girls | 1.4% | 85.6% | 10.4% | 2.6% |
ALL n = 3816 | Crude Model | Fully Adjusted Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
Eating breakfast on weekdays | ||||
Never | 1.35 (1.14–1.59) | 0.001 | 1.30 (1.07–1.57) | 0.007 |
1–4 days | 1.06 (0.87–1.28) | 0.565 | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 0.701 |
Always (5 days) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Family meals | ||||
Every day | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Almost every day | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) | 0.257 | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) | 0.765 |
Rarely | 1.19 (0.96–1.48) | 0.113 | 1.22 (0.96–1.54) | 0.098 |
Total score for behaviour of eating | ||||
snacks/meals in front of screens (TV/PC/tablet) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 0103 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.469 |
Eating in fast-food restaurants | ||||
Never | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Less than once/month | 1.14 (0.82–1.60) | 0.430 | 1.29 (0.87–1.89) | 0.203 |
1–3 days/month | 0.96 (0.69–1.35) | 0.831 | 1.07 (0.72–1.59) | 0.751 |
Weekly | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) | 0.826 | 1.02 (0.67–1.57) | 0.918 |
Fruits intake | ||||
Less than once/week | 1.31 (0.96–1.78) | 0.088 | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 0.356 |
1–4 days/week | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) | 0.075 | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) | 0.413 |
5–6 days/week | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.987 | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 0.564 |
Every day | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Vegetables intake | ||||
Less than once/week | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 0.110 | 0.92 (0.69–1.22) | 0.554 |
1–4 days/week | 1.18 (0.90–1.31) | 0.364 | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 0.846 |
5–6 days/week | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 0.810 | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.681 |
Every day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Sweets intake | ||||
Less than once/week | Ref. | Ref. | ||
1–4 days/week | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.245 | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 0.873 |
5–6 days/week | 0.86 (0.66–1.12) | 0.270 | 1.12 (0.82–1.54) | 0.473 |
Every day | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) | 0.008 | 0.84 (0.60–1.18) | 0.312 |
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake | ||||
Less than once/week | Ref. | Ref. | ||
1–4 days/week | 1.20 (1.03–1.41) | 0.022 | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 0.416 |
>5 days/week | 1.29 (0.98–1.70) | 0.071 | 1.18 (0.86–1.62) | 0.316 |
Being on a diet or doing something else to lose weight | ||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Yes | 3.33 (2.77–4.00) | <0.001 | 4.47 (3.68–5.43) | <0.001 |
Gender | ||||
Boys | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Girls | 0.48 (0.41–0. 57) | <0.001 | 0.35 (0.29-0.42) | <0.001 |
Age group | ||||
11-year-olds | Ref. | Ref. | ||
13-year-olds | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.186 | 0.78 (0.63-0.97) | 0.024 |
15-year-olds | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 0.009 | 0.62 (0.50-0.77) | <0.001 |
Family Affluence Scale (FAS) | ||||
Low 20% affluence | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Middle 60% affluence | 0.61 (0.50–0.75) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.48-0.77) | <0.001 |
High 20% affluence | 0.55 (0.42–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.43-0.76) | <0.001 |
Physical activity (past 7 days) | ||||
0–1 days | 1.83 (1.40–2.38) | <0.001 | 2.53 (1.88-3.40) | <0.001 |
2–3 days | 1.59 (1.29–1.97) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.58-2.49) | <0.001 |
4–5 days | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | 0.057 | 1.37 (1.08-1.73) | 0.010 |
6–7 days | Ref. | Ref. |
BOYS (n = 1898) | GIRLS (n = 1918) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude Model | Fully Adjusted Model | Crude Model | Fully Adjusted Model | |||||
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | P-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
Eating breakfast on weekdays | ||||||||
Never | 1.38 (1.09–1.76) | 0.008 | 1.22 (0.93–1.59) | 0.150 | 1.48 (1.12–1.95) | 0.006 | 1.47 (1.09–1.98) | 0.011 |
1–4 days | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 0.960 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.639 | 1.30 (0.97–1.74) | 0.083 | 1.22 (0.88–1.71) | 0.235 |
Always (5 days) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Family meals | ||||||||
Every day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Almost every day | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.807 | 1.02 (0.80–1.30) | 0.884 | 0.93 (0.69–1.24) | 0.602 | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.464 |
Rarely | 1.49 (1.14–1.96) | 0.004 | 1.42 (1.05–1.91) | 0.023 | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 0.795 | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 0.964 |
Total score for behaviour of Eating snacks/meals in front of screens (TV/PC/tablet) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.224 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.276 | 1.11 (1.04–1.20) | 0.003 | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 0.011 |
Eating in fast-food restaurants | ||||||||
Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Less than once/month | 1.18 (0.75–1.86) | 0.464 | 1.44 (0.87–2.39) | 0.158 | 1.21 (0.67–2.17) | 0.528 | 1.07 (0.56–2.03) | 0.839 |
1–3 days/month | 1.08 (0.69–1.67) | 0.748 | 1.35 (0.81–2.25) | 0.240 | 0.92 (0.53–1.61) | 0.778 | 0.71 (0.38–1.32) | 0.276 |
Weekly | 0.96 (0.60–1.54) | 0.871 | 1.23 (0.71–2.13) | 0.457 | 0.91 (0.50–1.66) | 0.764 | 0.71 (0.35–1.43) | 0.340 |
Fruits intake | ||||||||
Less than once/week | 1.52 (1.03–2.26) | 0.035 | 1.48 (0.93–2.35) | 0.096 | 0.95 (0.53–1.69) | 0.865 | 0.89 (0.48–1.65) | 0.711 |
1–4 days/week | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) | 0.834 | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | 0.900 | 1.34 (1.02–1.75) | 0.033 | 1.23 (0.90–1.68) | 0.196 |
5–6 days/week | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.049 | 0.76 (0.56–1.05) | 0.091 | 1.36 (0.95–1.94) | 0.090 | 1.30 (0.89–1.90) | 0.171 |
Every day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Vegetables intake | ||||||||
Less than once/week | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 0.795 | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | 0.303 | 1.19 (0.75–1.89) | 0.456 | 1.13 (0.67–1.90) | 0.658 |
1–4 days/week | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0.397 | 0.83 (0.62–1.10) | 0.185 | 1.24 (0.92–1.66) | 0.155 | 1.25 (0.89–1.77) | 0.200 |
5–6 days/week | 0.80 (0.61–1.04) | 0.098 | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 0.147 | 1.15 (0.81–1.64) | 0.419 | 1.26 (0.87–1.82) | 0.227 |
Every day | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Sweets intake | ||||||||
Less than once/week | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
1–4 days/week | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 0.476 | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 0.945 | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) | 0.832 | 1.20 (0.79–1.82) | 0.386 |
5–6 days/week | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.149 | 0.98 (0.67–1.45) | 0.933 | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) | 0.640 | 1.52 (0.89–2.61) | 0.126 |
Every day | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.068 | 0.77 (0.50–1.17) | 0.221 | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) | 0.252 | 1.04 (0.62–1.74) | 0.881 |
Sugar-sweetened beverage intake | ||||||||
Less than once/week | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
1–4 days/week | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 0.650 | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 0.723 | 1.30 (1.01–1.66) | 0.041 | 1.23 (0.93–1.64) | 0.148 |
>5 days/week | 1.08 (0.77–1.51) | 0.648 | 1.18 (0.79–1.75) | 0.423 | 1.20 (0.77–1.85) | 0.415 | 1.07 (0.64–1.80) | 0.784 |
Being on a diet or doing something else to lose weight | ||||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Yes | 4.18 (3.18–5.48) | <0.001 | 4.32 (3.25–5.74) | <0.001 | 3.87 (2.94–5.09) | <0.001 | 5.39 (4.00–7.25) | <0.001 |
Age group | ||||||||
11-year-olds | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
13-year-olds | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 0.170 | 0.85 (0.63–1.13) | 0.255 | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 0.623 | 0.73 (0.54–0.98) | 0.039 |
15-year-olds | 0.92 (0.69–1.21) | 0.549 | 0.86 (0.63–1.18) | 0.356 | 0.55 (0.40–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.26–0.52) | <0.001 |
Family Affluence scale (FAS) | ||||||||
Low 20% affluence | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Middle 60% affluence | 0.70 (0.54–0.92) | 0.011 | 0.72 (0.54–0.98) | 0.037 | 0.51 (0.37–0.70) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.35–0.71) | <0.001 |
High 20% affluence | 0.67 (0.49–0.91) | 0.012 | 0.78 (0.55–1.11) | 0.168 | 0.38 (0.25–0.58) | <0.001 | 0.35 (0.22–0.56) | <0.001 |
Physical activity (past 7 days) | ||||||||
0–1 days | 2.21 (1.59–3.05) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.53–3.16) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.30–3.14) | 0.002 | 3.14 (1.86–5.28) | <0.001 |
2–3 days | 2.06 (1.58–2.69) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.60–2.78) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.19–2.46) | 0.004 | 1.89 (1.28–2.81) | 0.002 |
4–5 days | 1.26 (0.95–1.68) | 0.105 | 1.33 (1.00–1.78) | 0.051 | 1.48 (1.00–2.19) | 0.052 | 1.58 (1.05–2.37) | 0.029 |
6–7 days | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
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Makri, R.; Katsoulis, M.; Fotiou, A.; Kanavou, E.; Stavrou, M.; Richardson, C.; Kanellopoulou, A.; Orfanos, P.; Benetou, V.; Kokkevi, A. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Associated Diet-Related Behaviours and Habits in a Representative Sample of Adolescents in Greece. Children 2022, 9, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010119
Makri R, Katsoulis M, Fotiou A, Kanavou E, Stavrou M, Richardson C, Kanellopoulou A, Orfanos P, Benetou V, Kokkevi A. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Associated Diet-Related Behaviours and Habits in a Representative Sample of Adolescents in Greece. Children. 2022; 9(1):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010119
Chicago/Turabian StyleMakri, Rafaela, Michail Katsoulis, Anastasios Fotiou, Eleftheria Kanavou, Myrto Stavrou, Clive Richardson, Afroditi Kanellopoulou, Philippos Orfanos, Vassiliki Benetou, and Anna Kokkevi. 2022. "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Associated Diet-Related Behaviours and Habits in a Representative Sample of Adolescents in Greece" Children 9, no. 1: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010119
APA StyleMakri, R., Katsoulis, M., Fotiou, A., Kanavou, E., Stavrou, M., Richardson, C., Kanellopoulou, A., Orfanos, P., Benetou, V., & Kokkevi, A. (2022). Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Associated Diet-Related Behaviours and Habits in a Representative Sample of Adolescents in Greece. Children, 9(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010119