Is There a Dose-Response Relationship between Acute Physical Activity and Sleep Length? A Longitudinal Study with Children and Adolescents Living in Sweden
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aim and Research Questions
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Exposure and Outcome
Confounders
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Information
Physical Activity and Sleep Length
3.2. Characteristics of the Relationship
3.3. Dose-Response of Mean Time in MVPA and Sleep Length
3.4. The Longitudinal Dose-Response Relationship
3.5. The Association between Met and Unmet Sleep Recommendation and Time in MVPA
4. Discussion
4.1. The Major Findings in Regards to the Aims
4.2. Implication of Findings and Alternative Explanations
4.3. Sex and School Year Differences
4.4. Strengths
4.5. Limitations
4.6. Generalizability
4.7. Public Health Relevance
4.8. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|
School stress | ||
No | 160 | 70.2 |
Yes | 68 | 29.8 |
Total | 228 | 100.0 |
Own room | ||
No | 17 | 7.3 |
Yes | 215 | 92.7 |
Total | 232 | 100.0 |
Screen time (hours) | ||
0.5–1 on 3 devices/social media | 12 | 5.6 |
2–4 on 1 device/social media | 29 | 13.5 |
2–4 on 2 devices/social media | 50 | 23.3 |
2–4 on 3 devices/social media | 58 | 27.0 |
5–7 on 1 device/social media | 35 | 16.3 |
5–7 on 2 devices/social media | 19 | 8.8 |
5–7 on 3 devices/social media | 12 | 5.6 |
Total | 215 | 100.0 |
Menstruation onset | ||
No | 63 | 41.2 |
Yes | 90 | 58.8 |
Total | 153 | 100.0 |
Mother work | ||
Yes | 222 | 92.9 |
No | 12 | 5.0 |
Do not know | 5 | 2.1 |
Total | 239 | 100.0 |
Father work | ||
Yes | 225 | 94.5 |
No | 10 | 4.2 |
I do not know my father | 3 | 1.3 |
Total | 238 | 100.0 |
Variable | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep length (hours) | ||||
School year 5 | ||||
Mean | 9.07 | 9.35 | 9.43 | 9.22 |
SD | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.18 | 1.66 |
School year 7 | ||||
Mean | 8.49 | 8.61 | 8.46 | 8.94 |
SD | 1.04 | 1.50 | 1.45 | 1.76 |
School year 9 | ||||
Mean | 8.07 | 7.90 | 8.32 | 8.21 |
SD | 0.97 | 1.22 | 1.58 | 1.21 |
Accelerometer wear time (minutes) | ||||
School year 5 | ||||
Mean | 788.88 | 908.19 | 890.42 | 859.57 |
SD | 92.13 | 91.37 | 90.94 | 121.71 |
School year 7 | ||||
Mean | 772.69 | 895.66 | 865.10 | 862.02 |
SD | 137.10 | 102.21 | 119.57 | 122.48 |
School year 9 | ||||
Mean | 726.56 | 900.24 | 885.64 | 886.24 |
SD | 107.22 | 104.97 | 113.50 | 102.84 |
Time spent in MVPA (minutes) | ||||
School year 5 | ||||
Mean | 99.68 | 118.82 | 100.76 | 98.46 |
SD | 44.20 | 49.40 | 42.30 | 54.42 |
School year 7 | ||||
Mean | 80.71 | 91.77 | 73.06 | 82.76 |
SD | 37.68 | 47.12 | 43.31 | 47.87 |
School year 9 | ||||
Mean | 76.96 | 78.11 | 73.54 | 79.49 |
SD | 46.54 | 42.58 | 47.15 | 45.17 |
Met the sleep recommendation (frequency and percentage) by school year | ||||
School year 5 | 64 (60.8%) | 72 (68.2%) | 74 (70.1%) | 68 (64.5%) |
School year 7 | 82 (68.3%) | 90 (74.8%) | 80 (66.7%) | 90 (74.8%) |
School year 9 | 21 (60.0%) | 17 (48.6%) | 22 (62.9%) | 17 (48.6%) |
Met the sleep recommendation (frequency and percentage) by sex | ||||
Boys | 49 (59.0%) | 60 (72.3%) | 57 (68.7%) | 52 (62.7%) |
Girls | 104 (69.0%) | 105 (69.7%) | 110 (72.9%) | 114 (75.5%) |
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Variable | Frequency (n) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Boys | 83 | 34.9 |
Girls | 152 | 65.1 |
Total # | 235 | 100.0 |
School year | ||
5 | 106 | 30.4 |
7 | 121 | 46.4 |
9 | 35 | 13.2 |
Total | 262 | 100.0 |
Family household economy | ||
Good | 191 | 79.9 |
Moderate | 43 | 18.0 |
Bad | 5 | 2.1 |
Total# | 239 | 100.0 |
Health status | ||
Good | 222 | 92.9 |
Bad | 17 | 7.1 |
Total # | 239 | 100.0 |
Participant’s country of birth | ||
Sweden | 218 | 91.2 |
Norway, Denmark, Finland or Island | 1 | 0.4 |
Europe | 7 | 2.9 |
Outside Europe | 12 | 5.0 |
Do not know | 1 | 0.4 |
Total # | 239 | 100.0 |
Variable | School year | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 7 | 9 | ||
Time spent in MVPA (minutes) | ||||
Boys | ||||
Mean | 111.94 | 81.30 | 63.96 | 94.44 |
SD | 37.37 | 39.67 | 33.72 | 41.48 |
n | 39 | 38 | 6 | 83 |
Girls | ||||
Mean | 98.49 | 74.52 | 66.03 | 83.40 |
SD | 32.05 | 21.97 | 33.25 | 29.98 |
n | 61 | 78 | 13 | 152 |
Total | ||||
Mean | 103.68 | 76.70 | 65.37 | 87.25 |
SD | 34.65 | 28.87 | 32.46 | 34.74 |
n # | 100 | 116 | 19 | 235 |
Sleep length (hours) | ||||
Boys | ||||
Mean | 9.17 | 8.71 | 8.17 | 8.88 |
SD | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.61 | 0.95 |
n | 39 | 38 | 6 | 83 |
Girls | ||||
Mean | 9.25 | 8.67 | 8.33 | 8.87 |
SD | 0.86 | 0.99 | 0.76 | 0.97 |
n | 61 | 78 | 13 | 152 |
Total | ||||
Mean | 9.22 | 8.68 | 8.28 | 8.88 |
SD | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.70 | 0.96 |
n # | 100 | 116 | 19 | 235 |
Association between Mean Sleep Length and Time in MVPA * | Change in Sleep Length (Hours) for Each Minute in MVPA * | SE# | p-Value | Confidence Interval (95%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude model | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.074 | 0.000–0.007 |
Adjusted model | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.471 | −0.008–0.004 |
Variable | Mean # | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | Numbers of Observations (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep length (hours) | |||||
Among participants | 8.82 | 1.42 | 1.50 | 14.75 | 1048 |
Between participants | 0.97 | 5.48 | 11.71 | 262 | |
Within participants | 1.04 | 1.32 | 13.44 | 4 | |
Time in MVPA (minutes) | |||||
Among participants | 90.44 | 47.59 | 7.50 | 409.75 | 1048 |
Between participants | 33.52 | 21.06 | 284.75 | 262 | |
Within participants | 33.83 | −69.32 | 243.81 | 4 |
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Nordman, A.; Friberg, M.; Forsell, Y. Is There a Dose-Response Relationship between Acute Physical Activity and Sleep Length? A Longitudinal Study with Children and Adolescents Living in Sweden. Children 2021, 8, 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090808
Nordman A, Friberg M, Forsell Y. Is There a Dose-Response Relationship between Acute Physical Activity and Sleep Length? A Longitudinal Study with Children and Adolescents Living in Sweden. Children. 2021; 8(9):808. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090808
Chicago/Turabian StyleNordman, Alexandra, Marita Friberg, and Yvonne Forsell. 2021. "Is There a Dose-Response Relationship between Acute Physical Activity and Sleep Length? A Longitudinal Study with Children and Adolescents Living in Sweden" Children 8, no. 9: 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090808
APA StyleNordman, A., Friberg, M., & Forsell, Y. (2021). Is There a Dose-Response Relationship between Acute Physical Activity and Sleep Length? A Longitudinal Study with Children and Adolescents Living in Sweden. Children, 8(9), 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090808