An Increased Risk of School-Aged Children with Viral Infection among Diarrhea Clusters in Taiwan during 2011–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Year | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 N a = 114 (%) | 2012 N = 145 (%) | 2013 N = 106 (%) | 2014 N = 106 (%) | 2015 N = 357 (%) | 2016 N = 452 (%) | 2017 N = 575 (%) | 2018 N = 424 (%) | 2019 N = 586 (%) | |
b Positive | 95 (83.3) | 112 (77.2) | 68 (64.2) | 63 (59.4) | 274 (76.8) | 357 (79.0) | 494 (85.9) | 308 (72.6) | 425 (72.5) |
c Negative | 18 (15.8) | 32 (22.1) | 37 (34.9) | 43 (40.6) | 81 (22.7) | 94 (20.8) | 75 (13.0) | 110 (25.9) | 160 (27.3) |
No specimen | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.9) | - | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (1.0) | 6 (1.4) | 1 (0.2) |
Pathogen | Year | p | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overal N = 2196 (%) | 2011 N a = 95 (%) | 2012 N = 112 (%) | 2013 N = 68 (%) | 2014 N = 63 (%) | 2015 N = 274 (%) | 2016 N = 357 (%) | 2017 N = 494 (%) | 2018 N = 308 (%) | 2019 N = 425 (%) | ||
Norovirus b | 1659 (75.5) | 70 (73.7) | 104 (92.9) | 53 (77.9) | 42 (66.7) | 197 (71.9) | 298 (83.5) | 345 (69.8) | 202 (65.6) | 348 (81.9) | <0.001 |
Norovirus + Rotavirus | 151 (6.9) | 11 (11.6) | 2 (1.8) | 3 (4.4) | 11 (17.5) | 21 (7.7) | 17 (4.8) | 63 (12.8) | 22 (7.1) | 1 (0.2) | |
Rotavirus | 120 (5.5) | 6 (6.3) | 3 (2.7) | 11 (16.2) | 8 (12.7) | 17 (6.2) | 12 (3.4) | 41 (8.3) | 22 (7.1) | - | |
Adenovirus | 1 (<0.1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (0.2) | - | - | |
Bacterial pathogen | 265 (12.1) | 8 (8.4) | 3 (2.7) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.2) | 39 (14.2) | 30 (8.4) | 44 (8.9) | 62 (20.1) | 76 (17.9) |
Pathogen | Year | p | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overal N = 265 (%) | 2011 N = 8 a (%) | 2012 N = 3 (%) | 2013 N = 1 (%) | 2014 N = 2 (%) | 2015 N = 39 (%) | 2016 N = 30 (%) | 2017 N = 44 (%) | 2018 N = 62 (%) | 2019 N = 76 (%) | ||
Staphylococcus aureusb | 84 (31.7) | 4 (50) | - | 1 (100) | 1 (50) | 11 (28.2) | 5 (16.7) | 10 (22.7) | 26 (41.9) | 26 (34.2) | <0.001 |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 45 (17.0) | 2 (25) | - | - | - | 11 (28.2) | 6 (20) | 13 (29.5) | 5 (8.1) | 8 (10.5) | |
Salmonella | 58 (21.9) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (33.3) | - | 1 (50) | 10 (25.6) | 12 (40) | 4 (9.1) | 8 (12.9) | 21 (27.6) | |
Bacillus cereus | 47 (17.7) | - | - | - | - | 3 (7.7) | 7 (23.3) | 16 (36.4) | 13 (21.0) | 8 (10.5) | |
Shigella dysenteriae | 3 (1.1) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (66.7) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Vibrio cholerae (Non-O1,Non-O139) | 2 (0.7) | - | - | - | - | 1 (2.6) | - | - | 1 (1.6) | - | |
Staphylococcus aureus + Vibrio cholerae (Non-O1,Non-O139) | 2 (0.7) | - | - | - | - | 1 (2.6) | - | - | 1 (1.6) | - | |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus + Bacillus cereus | 1 (0.4) | - | - | - | - | 1 (2.6) | - | - | - | - | |
Staphylococcus aureus + Salmonella | 1 (0.4) | - | - | - | - | 1 (2.6) | - | - | - | - | |
Staphylococcus aureus + Bacillus cereus | 13 (4.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (2.3) | 3 (4.8) | 9 (11.8) | |
Staphylococcus aureus + Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 2 (0.7) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (2.6) | |
Bacillus cereus + Salmonella | 4 (1.5) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (3.2) | 2 (2.6) | |
Bacillus cereus + Salmonella + Staphylococcus aureus | 2 (0.7) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (3.2) | - | |
Bacillus cereus + Vibrio cholera Non-O1, Non-O139 | 1 (0.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (1.6) | - |
Institution | Year | p | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overal N = 2865 (%) | 2011 N a = 114 (%) | 2012 N = 145 (%) | 2013 N = 106 (%) | 2014 N = 106 (%) | 2015 N = 357 (%) | 2016 N = 452 (%) | 2017 N = 575 (%) | 2018 N = 424 (%) | 2019 N = 586 (%) | ||
School | 1406 (49.1) | 70 (61.4) | 74 (51.0) | 69 (65.1) | 68 (64.2) | 159 (44.5) | 182 (40.3) | 308 (53.6) | 193 (45.5) | 283 (48.3) | <0.001 |
Hospitality Industry b | 656 (22.9) | - | - | - | - | 100 (28.0) | 155 (34.3) | 124 (21.6) | 119 (28.1) | 158 (27.0) | |
Populous Institutions c | 295 (10.3) | 19 (16.7) | 41 (28.3) | 20 (18.9) | 24 (22.6) | 30 (8.4) | 38 (8.4) | 36 (6.3) | 41 (9.7) | 46 (7.8) | |
Hospital | 120 (4.2) | 12 (10.5) | 20 (13.8) | 7 (6.6) | 5 (4.7) | 25 (7.0) | 8 (1.8) | 11 (1.9) | 13 (3.1) | 19 (3.2) | |
Military Camp | 45 (1.6) | 2 (1.8) | 2 (1.4) | 4 (3.8) | 1 (0.9) | 5 (1.4) | 6 (1.3) | 16 (2.8) | 3 (0.7) | 6 (1.0) | |
Other d | 343 (12.0) | 11 (9.6) | 8 (5.5) | 6 (5.7) | 8 (7.5) | 38 (10.6) | 63 (13.9) | 80 (13.9) | 55 (13.0) | 74 (12.6) |
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Lin, F.-H.; Chou, Y.-C.; Chen, B.-C.; Lu, J.-C.; Liu, C.-J.; Hsieh, C.-J.; Yu, C.-P. An Increased Risk of School-Aged Children with Viral Infection among Diarrhea Clusters in Taiwan during 2011–2019. Children 2021, 8, 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090807
Lin F-H, Chou Y-C, Chen B-C, Lu J-C, Liu C-J, Hsieh C-J, Yu C-P. An Increased Risk of School-Aged Children with Viral Infection among Diarrhea Clusters in Taiwan during 2011–2019. Children. 2021; 8(9):807. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090807
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Fu-Huang, Yu-Ching Chou, Bao-Chung Chen, Jui-Cheng Lu, Chung-Jung Liu, Chi-Jeng Hsieh, and Chia-Peng Yu. 2021. "An Increased Risk of School-Aged Children with Viral Infection among Diarrhea Clusters in Taiwan during 2011–2019" Children 8, no. 9: 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8090807