Parental Educational Attainment and Social Environment of Urban Public Schools in the U.S.: Blacks’ Diminished Returns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design and Settings
2.2. Sample and Sampling
2.3. Study Variables
2.3.1. Race/Ethnicity
2.3.2. Parental Educational Attainment
2.3.3. Demographic Factors
2.3.4. Outcome
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Univariate Analysis
3.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.3. Multivariable Analysis (Pooled Sample)
3.4. Multivariable Analysis (Racial/Ethnic Specific Models)
4. Discussion
4.1. Policy Implications
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Non-Hispanic Whites | Non-Hispanic Blacks | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Race | ||||||
White | 901 | 52.8 | 901 | 10.0 | ||
Black | 805 | 47.2 | 805 | 10.0 | ||
Region * | ||||||
Northeast | 163 | 9.6 | 52 | 5.8 | 111 | 13.8 |
Midwest | 468 | 27.4 | 250 | 27.7 | 218 | 27.1 |
South | 841 | 49.3 | 425 | 47.2 | 416 | 51.7 |
West | 234 | 13.7 | 174 | 19.3 | 60 | 7.5 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 867 | 50.8 | 459 | 50.9 | 408 | 50.7 |
Male | 839 | 49.2 | 442 | 49.1 | 397 | 49.3 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Parental Education (1-8) * | 4.54 | 1.99 | 4.83 | 2.02 | 4.22 | 1.92 |
School Environmental Risk (1-5) * | 2.07 | 0.39 | 2.04 | 0.38 | 2.11 | 0.41 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | |||||||||
1 Race (non-Hispanic Black) | 1.00 | −0.17 ** | 0.14 ** | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | −0.34 ** | −0.16 ** | 0.08 * |
2 Region−West | 1.00 | −0.13 ** | −0.25 ** | −0.39 ** | 0.06 * | 0.08 ** | 0.07 ** | 0.11 ** | |
3 Region−Midwest | 1.00 | −0.20 ** | −0.32 ** | 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.06 * | 0.02 | ||
4 Region−Northeast | 1.00 | −0.61 ** | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.07 ** | 0.25 ** | |||
5 Region−South | 1.00 | −0.03 | −0.00 | 0.04 | −0.32 ** | ||||
6 Gender (Male) | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | |||||
7 Parents Married/Live | 1.00 | 0.12 ** | −0.03 | ||||||
8 Parental Education | 1.00 | −0.14 ** | |||||||
9 School Risk | 1.00 | ||||||||
Non-Hispanic Whites | |||||||||
1 Race (non-Hispanic Black) | |||||||||
2 Region−West | 1.00 | −0.12 ** | −0.30 ** | −0.46 ** | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.07 * | 0.12 ** | |
3 Region−Midwest | 1.00 | −0.15 ** | −0.23 ** | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.08 * | −0.01 | ||
4 Region−Northeast | 1.00 | −0.59 ** | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.12 ** | 0.21 ** | |||
5 Region−South | 1.00 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.09 ** | −0.29 ** | ||||
6 Gender (Male) | 1.00 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.09 * | |||||
7 Parents Married/Live | 1.00 | 0.09 ** | 0.03 | ||||||
8 Parental Education | 1.00 | −0.17 ** | |||||||
9 School Risk | 1.00 | ||||||||
Non-Hispanic Blacks | |||||||||
1 Race (non-Hispanic Black) | |||||||||
2 Region−West | 1.00 | −0.11 ** | −0.173 ** | −0.29 ** | 0.09 * | 0.08 * | 0.01 | 0.18 ** | |
3 Region−Midwest | 1.00 | −0.244 ** | −0.41 ** | 0.04 | −0.01 | −0.00 | 0.04 | ||
4 Region−Northeast | 1.00 | −0.63 ** | −0.07 * | −0.12 ** | −0.01 | 0.31 ** | |||
5 Region−South | 1.00 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | −0.39 ** | ||||
6 Gender (Male) | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.00 | |||||
7 Parents Married/Live | 1.00 | 0.07 * | −0.04 | ||||||
8 Parental Education | 1.00 | −0.06 | |||||||
9 School Risk | 1.00 |
Model 1 (Main Effects) | Model 2 (Interaction Effects) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | 95% CI | p | b | SE | 95% CI | p | |||
Race (non-Hispanic Black) | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.15 | <0.001 | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.14 | 0.10 | 0.755 |
Region | ||||||||||
Northeast | −0.22 | 0.05 | −0.32 | −0.12 | <0.001 | −0.22 | 0.05 | −0.33 | −0.12 | <0.001 |
Midwest | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.421 | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.392 |
South | −0.29 | 0.04 | −0.36 | −0.22 | <0.001 | −0.29 | 0.04 | −0.36 | −0.22 | <0.001 |
Gender (Male) | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.074 | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 0.081 |
Parents Married/Live | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.885 | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.885 |
Parental Education | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.001 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.01 | <0.001 |
Parental Education x Race | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.050 | |||||
Intercept | 2.27 | 0.05 | 2.18 | 2.37 | <0.001 | 2.32 | 0.06 | 2.21 | 2.43 | <0.001 |
Model 3 (Non-Hispanic Whites) | Model 4 (Non-Hispanic Blacks) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | 95% CI | p | b | SE | 95% CI | p | |||
Region | ||||||||||
Northeast | −0.18 | 0.08 | −0.33 | −0.03 | 0.017 | −0.44 | 0.08 | −0.60 | −0.27 | <0.001 |
Midwest | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.11 | 0.06 | 0.557 | −0.18 | 0.08 | −0.33 | −0.03 | 0.021 |
South | −0.18 | 0.04 | −0.26 | −0.10 | <0.001 | −0.57 | 0.07 | −0.71 | −0.42 | <0.001 |
Gender (male) | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.046 | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.08 | 0.886 |
Parents Married | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.08 | 0.492 | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.11 | 0.05 | 0.436 |
Parental Education | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.02 | <0.001 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.565 |
Intercept | 20.26 | 0.06 | 20.14 | 20.37 | <0.001 | 20.55 | 0.09 | 20.38 | 20.72 | <0.001 |
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Boyce, S.; Bazargan, M.; Caldwell, C.H.; Zimmerman, M.A.; Assari, S. Parental Educational Attainment and Social Environment of Urban Public Schools in the U.S.: Blacks’ Diminished Returns. Children 2020, 7, 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7050044
Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA, Assari S. Parental Educational Attainment and Social Environment of Urban Public Schools in the U.S.: Blacks’ Diminished Returns. Children. 2020; 7(5):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7050044
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoyce, Shanika, Mohsen Bazargan, Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Marc A. Zimmerman, and Shervin Assari. 2020. "Parental Educational Attainment and Social Environment of Urban Public Schools in the U.S.: Blacks’ Diminished Returns" Children 7, no. 5: 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7050044