Development of a Cost-Effective Sensing Platform for Monitoring Phosphate in Natural Waters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Standard Preparation
2.2. Fluidic Handling
2.3. Fluidic Chip and Optical Detection
2.4. Chassis, Housing and Tubing
2.5. Electrical Control and Transmittance
2.6. Analytical Performance
2.7. Long-Term Laboratory Assessment of the Sensing Platform in Fully Autonomous Mode
2.8. Field Deployment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Validation of Sampling and Optical Detection (Methods 1 and 2)
3.2. Long-Term Laboratory Assessment of the Sensing Platform in Fully Autonomous Mode
3.3. Preliminary Field Assessment of the Sensing Platform
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PO43− (µM) | Reference PO43− | Method 1 PO43− | Method 2 PO43− ** | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (µM) ± %RSD * | %RE | Mean (µM) ± %RSD * | %RE | Mean (µM) ± %RSD * | %RE | |
5 | 5.07 ± 1.98 | 1.40 | 4.44 ± 2.23 | −11.16 | 5.03 ± 0.81 | 0.52 |
10 | 9.71 ± 0.46 | −2.90 | 8.98 ± 2.03 | −10.19 | - | - |
15 | 14.86 ± 0.95 | −0.93 | 14.38 ± 0.38 | −4.12 | - | - |
25 | 25.35 ± 3.28 | 1.40 | 25.17 ± 0.84 | 0.69 | 25.04 ± 0.59 | 0.15 |
35 | 34.91 ± 0.58 | −0.26 | 34.56 ± 0.34 | −1.25 | - | - |
50 | 49.89 ± 0.28 | −0.22 | 49.44 ± 0.12 | −1.13 | 50.01 ± 2.30 | 0.01 |
PO43− (µM) | Reference PO43− | Sensing Platform PO43− | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (µM) ± %RSD * | %RE | Mean (µM) ± %RSD | %RE | |
5.5 | 5.81 ± 3.27 | 5.64 | 5.77 ± 13.45 (n = 223) | 4.91 |
8.5 | 8.48 ± 2.82 | −0.24 | 8.49 ± 6.12 (n = 90) | −0.12 |
11.5 | 11.49 ± 0.78 | −0.09 | 11.40 ± 2.42 (n = 69) | −0.87 |
25.0 | 24.97 ± 0.48 | −0.12 | 25.12 ± 3.36 (n = 462) | 0.48 |
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Donohoe, A.; Lacour, G.; McCluskey, P.; Diamond, D.; McCaul, M. Development of a Cost-Effective Sensing Platform for Monitoring Phosphate in Natural Waters. Chemosensors 2018, 6, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040057
Donohoe A, Lacour G, McCluskey P, Diamond D, McCaul M. Development of a Cost-Effective Sensing Platform for Monitoring Phosphate in Natural Waters. Chemosensors. 2018; 6(4):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040057
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonohoe, Andrew, Gareth Lacour, Peter McCluskey, Dermot Diamond, and Margaret McCaul. 2018. "Development of a Cost-Effective Sensing Platform for Monitoring Phosphate in Natural Waters" Chemosensors 6, no. 4: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040057