Effects of Adherence to Pharmacological Treatment on the Recovery of Patients with Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients | M (SD) ± Range or n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Gender | Men | 94 (62.3%) |
Women | 57 (37.7%) | |
Age | 39.9 (14.5) ± 14–75 | |
Aymara | Yes | 67 (44.3%) |
No | 82 (54.3%) | |
Missing | 2 (1.4%) | |
Marital status | With a partner | 30 (19.8%) |
Without a partner | 121 (80.2%) | |
Educational Level | >12 years | 14 (9.2%) |
<12 years | 136 (90.0%) | |
Missing | 1 (0.8%) | |
Employment status | With employment | 21 (13.9%) |
Without employment | 128 (84.7%) | |
Missing | 2 (1.4%) | |
Religion | With a religion | 110 (72.8%) |
Without a religion | 38 (25.2%) | |
Missing | 3 (2.0%) | |
Family income (US dollars) | 216.4 (206.3) 0–1820.1 | |
Age of disease onset | 21.4 (8.4) ± 8–50 | |
Age of onset of treatment | 23.8 (8.9) ± 11–50 | |
Pharmacological treatment | Yes | 151 (100%) |
No | 0 (0%) | |
DAI-10 categorized | Non-adherent | 23 (15.2%) |
Moderate | 61 (40.3%) | |
Adherent | 67 (44.4%) | |
RAS-24 total | 3.7 (0.7) ± 1.6–4.9 | |
PANSS categorized | Mildly ill | 64 (42.4%) |
Moderately ill | 55 (36.34%) | |
Markedly ill | 25 (16.6%) | |
Severely ill | 7 (4.6%) | |
PANSS total | 61.1 (18.6) ± 30.0–111.0 |
Variable | M (SD) | Min-Max | S | K | Shapiro-Wilk | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. DAI-10 | 3.7 (4.2) | −10.0–10.0 | −3.2 | −0.4 | 0.938 * | 0.155 | 0.284 * | 0.085 | 0.184 | 0.187 | −0.016 | −0.090 | −0.087 | −0.073 | −0.164 |
2. PCH | 3.6 (0.7) | 1.2–5.0 | −2.9 | −0.5 | 0.964 * | 0.541 * | 0.610 * | 0.428 * | 0.507 * | −0.255 | −0.438 * | −0.356 * | −0.205 | −0.344 * | |
3. WAH | 3.8 (1.1) | 1.0–5.0 | −4.5 | 0.1 | 0.866 * | 0.444 * | 0.515 * | 0.425 * | −0.064 | −0.198 | −0.306 * | 0.047 | −0.183 | ||
4. GSO | 3.7 (1.0) | 1.0–5.0 | −5.1 | 1.6 | 0.900 * | 0.297 * | 0.355 * | −0.138 | −0.305 * | −0.245 | −0.047 | −0.217 | |||
5. RO | 3.8 (0.8) | 1.0–5.0 | −3.7 | 0.9 | 0.940 * | 0.344 * | −0.049 | −0.188 | −0.249 | 0.038 | −0.162 | ||||
6. NDS | 3.4 (1.0) | 1.0–5.0 | −2.4 | −0.7 | 0.941 * | −0.120 | −0.322 * | −0.412 * | −0.088 | −0.247 | |||||
7. PANSS positive | 10.2 (3.9) | 5.0–25.0 | 4.1 | 1.5 | 0.940 * | 0.405 * | 0.514 * | 0.494 * | 0.609 * | ||||||
8. PANSS negative | 15.9 (6.2) | 7.0–37.0 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 0.959 * | 0.623 * | 0.319 * | 0.421 * | |||||||
9. PANSS cognitive | 6.0 (2.6) | 3.0–15.0 | 4.7 | 1.8 | 0.910 * | 0.291 * | 0.597 * | ||||||||
10. PANSS depression | 7.9 (3.1) | 4.0–18.0 | 2.9 | −0.3 | 0.935 * | 0.588 * | |||||||||
11. PANSS excitement | 8.7 (3.4) | 5.0–19.0 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 0.905 * |
Dimensions | PCH | WAH | GSO | RO | NDS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F(df) | 3.975(15) | 2.912(15) | 2.602(15) | 2.318(15) | 3726(15) | |||||
p | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.006 | <0.001 | |||||
Adj. R2 | 0.243 | 0.171 | 0.147 | 0.130 | 0.227 | |||||
Standardized Coefficient & p-value | ||||||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Intercept | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Gender | 0.016 | 0.843 | 0.084 | 0.334 | −0.010 | 0.907 | −0.027 | 0.764 | 0.008 | 0.923 |
Marital Status | 0.032 | 0.700 | −0.088 | 0.315 | −0.107 | 0.225 | −0.181 | 0.045 | 0.082 | 0.329 |
Age | −0.217 | 0.021 | −0.032 | 0.742 | −0.296 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.946 | −0.214 | 0.025 |
Aymara | 0.041 | 0.605 | −0.027 | 0.739 | 0.065 | 0.439 | 0.088 | 0.299 | 0.072 | 0.363 |
Religion | 0.056 | 0.504 | 0.009 | 0.919 | 0.027 | 0.763 | 0.022 | 0.805 | 0.072 | 0.398 |
Employment status | 0.091 | 0.257 | −0.062 | 0.461 | 0.035 | 0.678 | 0.031 | 0.718 | 0.086 | 0.289 |
Educational Level | 0.106 | 0.166 | 0.010 | 0.896 | 0.104 | 0.201 | 0.000 | 0.998 | 0.086 | 0.267 |
Age of disease onset | 0.177 | 0.250 | −0.061 | 0.702 | −0.062 | 0.703 | 0.094 | 0.570 | 0.183 | 0.238 |
Age of onset of treatment | −0.020 | 0.903 | 0.138 | 0.416 | 0.170 | 0.321 | −0.241 | 0.166 | 0.003 | 0.984 |
DAI-10 | 0.096 | 0.226 | 0.239 | 0.005 | 0.035 | 0.679 | 0.144 | 0.092 | 0.142 | 0.077 |
PANSS positive | −0.023 | 0.825 | −0.019 | 0.861 | 0.063 | 0.574 | 0.095 | 0.403 | 0.135 | 0.207 |
PANSS negative | −0.341 | 0.001 | −0.082 | 0.441 | −0.266 | 0.014 | −0.175 | 0.109 | −0.155 | 0.131 |
PANSS cognitive | −0.035 | 0.774 | −0.305 | 0.018 | −0.021 | 0.869 | −0.119 | 0.365 | −0.351 | 0.005 |
PANSS depression | −0.104 | 0.428 | 0.002 | 0.990 | −0.124 | 0.372 | −0.176 | 0.211 | −0.065 | 0.620 |
PANSS excitement | −0.008 | 0.929 | 0.127 | 0.200 | 0.062 | 0.539 | 0.177 | 0.084 | 0.049 | 0.609 |
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Caqueo-Urízar, A.; Urzúa, A.; Mena-Chamorro, P.; Bravo de la Fuente, J. Effects of Adherence to Pharmacological Treatment on the Recovery of Patients with Schizophrenia. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091230
Caqueo-Urízar A, Urzúa A, Mena-Chamorro P, Bravo de la Fuente J. Effects of Adherence to Pharmacological Treatment on the Recovery of Patients with Schizophrenia. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091230
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaqueo-Urízar, Alejandra, Alfonso Urzúa, Patricio Mena-Chamorro, and Josefa Bravo de la Fuente. 2021. "Effects of Adherence to Pharmacological Treatment on the Recovery of Patients with Schizophrenia" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091230